The Different,but Interesting Behaviors of Benzyl Systems in the Willgerodt-Kindler Reaction under Solvent-Free Conditions

On the benzyl system, bearing various functional groups, have been carried out the Willgerodt-Kindler reaction to obtain thiobenzmorpholide ( 1 ). The reactions, under solvent-free conditions, were performed in both classical (reflux, room temperature) and nonclassical (microwave) conditions to attempt our elucidation of the reactions pathways. Unlike benzylamine and benzyl mercaptan, benzyl halides give poor result due to the type of amine. The experimental results suggest that the proposed reaction pathway involves the oxidation coupling of benzylic substrates, followed by a thiolation step and an attack of the amine on the thiolated product to give ( 1 ).     

Effects of multi-Schell beams on orbital angular momentum of entangled signal photons in low-order turbulence aberration channels

We model the detection and crosstalk probability of orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of the entangled signal photon in the Kolmogorov channels of the low-order turbulence aberrations and by the Rytov approximation. The results show that lower OAM mode number of signal photons and larger sub-beam number of multi-Gaussian Schell-model pump beam, the less susceptible of the detection probability of the signal photon to spatial coherence of source and turbulence aberrations is achieved. The maximum crosstalk probability is decrease as the decreasing of the sub-beam number of multi-Gaussian Schell-model. Enlarging OAM difference value or decreasing sub-beam number of multi-Gaussian Schell-model pump beam results in a lower crosstalk probability of the OAM of entangled signal photons.     

Probabilistic interpretation of a system of quasilinear parabolic PDEs

Using a forward–backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDE) associated to a transmutation process driven by a finite sequence of Poisson processes, we obtain a probabilistic interpretation for a non-degenerate system of quasilinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). The novetly is that the linear second order differential operator is different on each line of the system.     

Controllability of Nonsmooth Discrete Systems with Delay

This paper is concerned with a study of local controllability to discrete inclusions with delay. The sufficient conditions for relative and complete local controllability are obtained on the base of using Mordukhovich's nonsmooth constructions.     

Linguistic cost-sensitive learning of genetic fuzzy classifiers for imprecise data

Cost-sensitive classification is based on a set of weights defining the expected cost of misclassifying an object. In this paper, a Genetic Fuzzy Classifier, which is able to extract fuzzy rules from interval or fuzzy valued data, is extended to this type of classification. This extension consists in enclosing the estimation of the expected misclassification risk of a classifier, when assessed on low quality data, in an interval or a fuzzy number. A cooperative-competitive genetic algorithm searches for the knowledge base whose fitness is primal with respect to a precedence relation between the values of this interval or fuzzy valued risk. In addition to this, the numerical estimation of this risk depends on the entrywise product of cost and confusion matrices. These have been, in turn, generalized to vague data. The flexible assignment of values to the cost function is also tackled, owing to the fact that the use of linguistic terms in the definition of the misclassification cost is allowed.     

Evaluation of SARs for the prediction of skin irritation/corrosion potential–structural inclusion rules in the BfR decision support system†

The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has developed a Decision Support System (DSS) to assess certain hazardous properties of pure chemicals, including skin and eye irritation/corrosion. The BfR–DSS is a rule-based system that could be used for the regulatory classification of chemicals in the European Union. The system is based on the combined use of two predictive approaches: exclusion rules based on physicochemical cut-off values to identify chemicals that do not exhibit a certain hazard (e.g., skin irritation/corrosion), and inclusion rules based on structural alerts to identify chemicals that do show a particular toxic potential. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the structural inclusion rules implemented in the BfR–DSS for the prediction of skin irritation and corrosion. The following assessments were performed: (a) a confirmation of the structural rules by rederiving them from the original training set (1358 substances), and (b) an external validation by using a test set of 200 chemicals not used in the derivation of the rules. It was found as a result that the test data set did not match the training set relative to the inclusion of structural alerts associated with skin irritation/corrosion, albeit some skin irritants were in the test set.     

光静态散射测试系统的研究与实现

随着科学技术的发展,对粒子的大小、浓度及其他特性的探测已经发展成为一个专门的研究领域和现代测量学中的一个重要分支,而光散射法已经成为一种常用的粒子测量方法。为了满足应用需求,文中提出了一种基于C8051F500单片机的光静态散射测试系统方案,详细介绍了该测试系统的设计理论原理、硬件电路的设计依据、固件程序的设计思想和测试系统的具体实现。选取一定浓度的样品溶液,运用该系统进行光散射的角度依赖性测试,实际测量值与理论依据基本相符;在不同激光功率下,对同一角度的散射光强进行测试,将测量得到的数据分析,线性度良好,满足设计要求。     

Recent Progress in High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries: The Emerging Strategies for Advanced Separators/Electrolytes Based on Nanomaterials and Corresponding Interfaces

Lithium-sulfur (Li−S) batteries, possessing excellent theoretical capacities, low cost and nontoxicity, are one of the most promising energy storage battery systems. However, poor conductivity of elemental S and the “shuttle effect” of lithium polysulfides hinder the commercialization of Li−S batteries. These problems are closely related to the interface problems between the cathodes, separators/electrolytes and anodes. The review focuses on interface issues for advanced separators/electrolytes based on nanomaterials in Li−S batteries. In the liquid electrolyte systems, electrolytes/separators and electrodes system can be decorated by nano materials coating for separators and electrospinning nanofiber separators. And, interface of anodes and electrolytes/separators can be modified by nano surface coating, nano composite metal lithium and lithium nano alloy, while the interface between cathodes and electrolytes/separators is designed by nano metal sulfide, nanocarbon-based and other nano materials. In all solid-state electrolyte systems, the focus is to increase the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes and reduce the resistance in the cathode/polymer electrolyte and Li/electrolyte interfaces through using nanomaterials. The basic mechanism of these interface problems and the corresponding electrochemical performance are discussed. Based on the most critical factors of the interfaces, we provide some insights on nanomaterials in high-performance liquid or state Li−S batteries in the future.     

大口径离轴凸非球面系统拼接检验技术

针对大口径离轴凸非球面面形检测的困难,本文将光学系统波像差检验技术与子孔径拼接干涉技术相结合,提出了凸非球面系统拼接检测方法。对该方法的基本原理和具体实现过程进行了分析和研究,并建立了合理的子孔径拼接数学模型。当离轴三反光学系统的主镜和三镜加工完成以后,对整个系统进行装调和测试,并依次测定光学系统各视场的波像差分布,通过综合优化子孔径拼接算法和全口径面形数据插值可以求解得到大口径非球面全口径的面形信息,从而为非球面后续加工和系统的装调提供了依据和保障。结合工程实例,对一口径为287 mm×115 mm的离轴非球面次镜进行了系统拼接测试和加工,经过两个周期的加工和测试,其面形分布的RMS值接近1/30λ(λ=632.8 nm)。     

An infrared small target detection algorithm based on high-speed local contrast method

Small-target detection in infrared imagery with a complex background is always an important task in remote sensing fields. It is important to improve the detection capabilities such as detection rate, false alarm rate, and speed. However, current algorithms usually improve one or two of the detection capabilities while sacrificing the other. In this letter, an Infrared (IR) small target detection algorithm with two layers inspired by Human Visual System (HVS) is proposed to balance those detection capabilities. The first layer uses high speed simplified local contrast method to select significant information. And the second layer uses machine learning classifier to separate targets from background clutters. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm pursue good performance in detection rate, false alarm rate and speed simultaneously.