Determination of the debris produced from poly(ethylene terephthalate) during KrF excimer laser ablation

Pulsed UV laser beams, which are widely used in the processing of polymers, have many advantages because their photon energy is higher than the binding energy of polymers. Fabricating polymers with a UV laser process is faster, cleaner, and more convenient than with other processes. Nevertheless, some problems occur in the precision microprocessing of polymers. For example, the formation and deposition of surface debris, which is produced from the breakdown of either polymer chains or radical bonds.To determine the formation and origin of surface debris, a KrF excimer laser beam (248 nm) was used in the processing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The investigation of the debris formation was facilitated by UV-vis spectroscopy, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. The UV-vis absorption peak indicates that the primary chromophore in the PET is benzoate. Furthermore, because benzoate causes the primary absorption, the absorbed energy is transferred by heat generation to an unsaturated ester. The ATR FT-IR spectrometer measurements show that the phenyl systems in the benzoate are demolished by ablation. This phenomenon indicates that the photochemical reaction causes the benzoate bonds to break down, and this breakdown in turn causes the carbonization to leave debris on the PET.     

Adhesion and fingering in the lifting Hele-Shaw cell: Role of the substrate

The lifting Hele-Shaw cell (LHSC) is used to study adhesion as well as viscous fingering. In the present paper we report a series of observations of development of the interface for different viscous fluids, both Newtonian and non-Newtonian, in a LHSC operated at a constant lifting force. Glass and perspex are used as the plates in two different sets of experiments. The objectives are 1) to measure the time required to separate the plates as a function of the lifting force and 2) to note the force above which viscous fingering appears. We find that for the Newtonian fluids, the plate separation time follows a universal power law with the lifting force, irrespective of fluid and substrate. The non-Newtonian fluids too, with proper scaling obey the same power law. The appearance of fingering, however, depends on the properties of the fluid as well as the substrate. We suggest a modified form of the capillary number which controls the onset of fingering; this new quantity, termed the “fingering parameter” involves the dielectric constants of the substrate and fluid in addition to the viscosity and surface tension.     

HL—1装置表面分析站的研制

等离子体与表面相互作用的重要性是人们公认的。我们试图在HL-1装置上原位测量表面状态,本文叙述了为HL-1研制的表面分析站及测得的一些结果。为装置提供了实验数据。     

Monte Carlo simulation of nitriding in iron by a mixing technology with laser and plasma beams

A program is modeled to describe nitriding depth by a new mixing laser and plasma beams nitriding (LPN) technique. The model extends the transport of ions in matter (TRIM) program by adding temperature and energy factors into the energy function. The nitriding depths and nitrogen distribution in substrate were calculated by Monte Carlo program. There is a good agreement between calculation and experiment results at different laser energy intensities, scanning velocities and nitrogen ion energies respectively. Moreover, the nitriding process diagrams by LPN technique are shown from calculation results.     

Surface energies of metals in both liquid and solid states

Although during the last years one has seen a number of systematic studies of the surface energies of metals, the aim and the scientific meaning of this research is to establish a simple and a straightforward theoretical model to calculate accurately the mechanical and the thermodynamic properties of metal surfaces due to their important application in materials processes and in the understanding of a wide range of surface phenomena. Through extensive theoretical calculations of the surface tension of most of the liquid metals, we found that the fraction of broken bonds in liquid metals (f) is constant which is equal to 0.287. Using our estimated f value, the surface tension (γ_m), surface energy (γ_SV), surface excess entropy (−dγ/dT), surface excess enthalpy (H_s), coefficient of thermal expansion (α_m and α_b), sound velocity (c_m) and its temperature coefficient (−dc/dT) have been calculated for more than sixty metals. The results of the calculated quantities agree well with available experimental data.     

Surface modification of pure titanium by pulsed electron beam

The microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of commercially pure Ti treated by low energy high current pulsed electron beam (LEHCPEB) have been investigated. The thin near-surface melted layer rapidly solidified into β and subsequently transformed into ultrafine α′ martensite. This has led to a drastic improvement of the corrosion properties and a significant increase (more than 60%) in hardness of the top surface.     

Effects of pulsed bias duty ratio on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings

TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were deposited on M2 high speed steel by a pulsed bias arc ion plating system. The effect of pulsed bias duty ratio on the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties was investigated. The amount of macroparticles reduced with the increase of the duty ratio. The surface roughness was 0.0858 μm at duty ratio of 50%. TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were crystallized with orientations in the (1 1 1), (2 0 0) (2 2 2) and (3 1 1) crystallographic planes and the microstructure strengthened at (1 1 1) preferred orientation. At duty ratio of 20%, the hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings reached a maximum of 3004 HV, which was 3.2 times that of the substrate. The adhesion strength reached a maximum of 77 N at 50% duty ratio. Friction and wear analyses were carried out by pin-on-disc tester at room temperature. Compared with the substrate, all the specimens coated with TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings exhibited better tribological properties.     

Surface adhesion properties of graphene and graphene oxide studied by colloid-probe atomic force microscopy

Surface adhesion properties are important to various applications of graphene-based materials. Atomic force microscopy is powerful to study the adhesion properties of samples by measuring the forces on the colloidal sphere tip as it approaches and retracts from the surface. In this paper we have measured the adhesion force between the colloid probe and the surface of graphene (graphene oxide) nanosheet. The results revealed that the adhesion force on graphene and graphene oxide surface were 66.3 and 170.6 nN, respectively. It was found the adhesion force was mainly determined by the water meniscus, which was related to the surface contact angle of samples.