High-sensitivity analyses of metabolites in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis using dynamic pH junction-sweeping

Emerging fields of biochemical research, such as metabolomics, present challenges to current separation technologies because of the large number of metabolites present in a cell and their often low (submicromolar) concentration. Although capillary electrophoresis (CE) holds great promise as the method of choice for high-resolution separations of biological samples, it suffers from poor concentration sensitivity, especially with the use of UV detection. In CE, sweeping and dynamic pH junction represent two complementary on-line focusing techniques that have been used for sensitivity enhancement of hydrophobic and weakly acidic analytes, respectively. However, the application of either the sweeping or dynamic pH junction technique alone might, in some cases, be less effective for the analysis of certain sample mixtures. Recent work in the development of a hyphenated dynamic pH junction-sweeping technique is presented as an effective on-line method of preconcentration suitable for both hydrophilic (anionic) and hydrophobic (neutral) analytes. Sensitive analyses of flavin metabolites by CE with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is demonstrated in various biological matrixes, including cell extracts of Bacillus subtilis, pooled human plasma, as well as heat-deproteinized flavoenzymes. Enhanced analyte band narrowing and improved sensitivity is achieved for flavins using dynamic pH junction-sweeping compared to either sweeping or dynamic pH junction alone. This results in over a 1200-fold improvement in sensitivity relative to conventional injection methods, giving a limit of detection (LOD, defined as S/N = 3) of about 4.0 x 10(-12) M. Strategies for sensitive and more comprehensive analyses of other cell metabolites, including nucleotides, coenzymes, and steroids, are also discussed when using on-line focusing techniques in conjunction with multiplexed CE and UV detection.     

Emission characteristics of high-powered microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry by using nitrogen–oxygen mixture gas

A high-powered, microwave-induced nitrogen–oxygen plasma (N₂–O₂–MIP) generated by using an Okamoto cavity at atmospheric pressure was investigated when the observation height, the flow rate of carrier gas, and the oxygen content were varied as the experimental parameters. The emission characteristics of the plasma were evaluated with regard to the excitation temperature and the intensity ratio of atomic line to ionic line. The excitation temperature of the N₂–O₂–MIP was in the range of 5100–5700 K when the oxygen content was varied from 0 to 30% at the observation height of 7 mm and the carrier gas flow rate of 0.6 l/min. The intensity ratio of atomic line to ionic line was elevated with an increase in the oxygen content.     

流动注射萃取火焰原子吸收光谱法测定硫酸镍电解液中微量铅

本文采用流动注射在线萃取火焰原子吸收光谱法测定硫酸电解液中微量铅，考察了水相介质，共存离子，萃取装置，相比等因素的影响。分析含铅１．４ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．１６ｍｇ／Ｌ的试样，分析值的相对标准偏差（ｎ＝１０）分别为３．９％和１２．３％，方法检出限为０．０２４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Development of a stabilized low temperature infrared absorption cell for use in low temperature and collisional cooling experiments

We have constructed a stabilized low temperature infrared absorption cell cooled by an open cycle refrigerator, which can run with liquid nitrogen from 250 to 80K or with liquid helium from 80K to a few kelvin. Several CO infrared spectra were recorded at low temperature using a tunable diode laser spectrometer. These spectra were analyzed taking into account the detailed effects of collisions on the line profile when the pressure increases. We also recorded spectra at very low pressure to accurately model the diode laser emission. Spectra of the R(2) line in the fundamental band of 13CO cooled by collisions with helium buffer gas at 10.5K and at pressures near 1 Torr have been recorded. The He-pressure broadening parameter (gamma(0) = 0.3 cm(-1) atm(-1)) has been derived from the simultaneous analysis of four spectra at different pressures.     

基于快速扫描光学延迟线谐振扫描的相位调制方法

提出利用快速扫描光学延迟线(Rapid Scanning Optical Delay Line,RSOD)作为光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)系统的相位调制器,并采用正弦驱动方式(谐振扫描)来提高扫描频率,进而实现高频相位调制的方法.介绍了基于RSOD相位调制器的干涉信号包络解调方法,分析了大振镜低频率线性驱动、小振镜高频线性驱动和大振镜高速正弦驱动三种实施方案对OCT性能的影响,并针对谐振扫描方案中轴向扫描的非线性提出了图像畸变定量校正的方法.结果表明:RSOD大振镜谐振扫描的模式能够兼顾系统成像速度、成像范围以及系统信噪比的要求,是一种行之有效的相位调制方法.     

含环向表面裂纹圆柱壳的波传播特性研究

研究了振动波在含有环向表面裂纹的无限长圆柱壳中的传播特性.圆柱壳体的振动用Flügge方程来描述.运用线弹性断裂力学的理论,考虑到裂纹的张开、滑移和撕裂3种模式以及它们相互之间的耦合,利用分布的线弹簧来模拟裂纹并建立了裂纹所在区域的局部柔度矩阵,得到由此引起的附加位移和壳体中内力之间的关系.在入射波已知的情况下,根据裂纹两侧区域的位移和内力的连续性条件得到了反射和透射波的幅值系数.分析了入射波通过裂纹后的透射、反射系数与激励频率和裂纹尺寸之间的关系.为基于振动功率流方法识别圆柱壳表面损伤提供了理论基础.     

Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Extracts Exert Cytotoxicity in Two Selected Melanoma Cell Lines—A Factorial Analysis of Time-Dependent Alterations in Values Obtained with SRB and MTT Assays

Despite the fact that phytochemicals of Cornaceae species have long been discussed as possible auxiliary agents in contemporary treatment, the insights on their properties remain relatively scarce. This study focuses on Cornus mas L. (Cornelian cherry), the extracts of which are reported to exert a pleiotropic effect shown in both in vivo and in vitro studies. This study aimed to explore the cytotoxic effect of extracts from fruits of red (Cornus mas L. ‘Podolski’) and yellow (Cornus mas L. ‘Yantarnyi’ and ‘Flava’) Cornelian cherries on two melanoma cell lines (A375 and MeWo). The extracts were characterized in the context of the concentration of bioactive compounds of antioxidative properties. Cytotoxicity was investigated with the use of the following two assays: SRB and MTT. An additional, alternative protocol for the SRB assay was used in this study so as to account for possible bias. Cytotoxicity was assessed as a difference in the whole time series of cell viability, instead of analyzing differences in raw values (often found in the literature). Both extracts from Cornus mas L. induced cytotoxicity in both A375 and MeWo cell lines, although the response of these cells was different. Moreover, based on this study, there is no evidence for claiming a different magnitude of cytotoxicity between these two extracts.     

螺旋线型脉冲形成线匝间击穿与输出波形的研究

 针对螺旋线型脉冲形成线放电过程的匝间击穿问题,采用数值模拟的方法研究了影响螺旋线上轴向电场的因素,模拟结果表明：螺旋线的螺旋角越大、开关的上升沿越小、负载的阻值越小则越容易造成匝间击穿;针对输出波形的前沿上冲和下凹问题,通过数值模拟和实验方法研究了加速器内阻抗不匹配段对输出波形的影响,结果表明: 改变螺旋线与开关之间连接段的阻抗以及开关和二极管之间过渡段的阻抗,使之接近于螺旋线阻抗,并使电长度减小,可以消除波形的前沿上冲和下凹,得到近似方波的高电压脉冲输出。     

用传输线和时域有限差分法计算电缆X射线响应

 介绍了时域传输线和时域有限差分两种计算电缆X射线瞬态响应的方法,并利用电缆芯线总电荷以及介质层的电荷分布,结合实验结果,分别给出了时域传输线模型中的电流源和时域有限差分模型中电流密度的计算方法。作为例子,在60 keV单能X射线垂直于电缆轴向辐照的条件下,采用两种方法计算了电缆两端接匹配负载时负载上的电流响应;采用传输线方法计算了不同能量X射线辐照电缆时的芯线负载电流响应。计算结果表明,两种方法计算的电缆X射线瞬态响应是一致的;电缆介质层中存在静电场;X射线能量不同时,电缆芯线负载电流存在最大值。计算中,电缆与X射线的作用采用蒙特卡罗方法计算。     

基于仪器线型订正的开放光程FTIR测量中的水汽谱在线扣除方法

水汽吸收分布于整个中红外波段,它的存在干扰红外光谱的定量分析。文章介绍了一种从傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的测量数据中扣除水汽干扰信号的新方法。该方法首先通过气象参数测量获得气压、温度和相对湿度,结合HITRAN数据库中提供的水汽线强、自展宽、空气展宽等参数,使用逐线积分方法计算出高分辨率水汽吸收谱,再通过仪器线型订正,合成出与仪器分辨率相匹配的水汽谱,将其作为干扰组分直接从测量所得到的含有水汽的混合光谱中扣除。对开放光程FTIR系统的实测数据的分析结果表明,使用该方法可以有效消除水汽干扰,扣除后的光谱包含待测组分的吸收特征和噪声。在开放光程FTIR等无法使用干燥设备去水的观测条件下,使用该方法可以达到较理想的水汽扣除效果。