天体运动中介质的阻力和推力与超光速运动的粒子

行星在太阳风中运动受太阳介质阻力和推力的作用。阻力使行星公转速率逐渐变小。推力使行星逐渐远离太阳并使行星的温度在长期内逐渐降低。推力是太阳系、银河系和宇宙膨胀的原因。除非粒子和介质发生碰撞,否则粒子的运动不受介质的阻碍可以超光速运动。证明宇宙射线中的粒子是超光速运动的粒子。     

Cosmological Applications of a Geometrical Interpretation of “c”

We make the hypothesis that the velocity of light and the expansion of the universe are two aspects of one single concept connecting space and time in the expanding universe. We show that solving Friedman’s equations with that interpretation (keeping c = constant) could explain number of unnatural features of the standard cosmology. We thus examine in that light the flatness problem, the problem of the observed uniformity in term of temperature and density of the cosmological background radiation and the small-scale inhomogeneity problem. We finally show that using this interpretation of c leads to reconsider the Hubble diagram of distance moduli and redshifts as obtained from recent observations of type Ia supernovae without having to need an accelerating universe.     

Gravimagnetism,causality, and aberration of gravity in the gravitational light-ray deflection experiments

Experimental verification of the existence of gravimagnetic fields generated by currents of matter is important for a complete understanding and formulation of gravitational physics. Although the rotational (intrinsic) gravimagnetic field has been extensively studied and is now being measured by the Gravity Probe B, the extrinsic gravimagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter is less well studied. The present paper uses the post-Newtonian parametrized Einstein and light geodesics equations to show that the extrinsic gravimagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter can be measured by observing the relativistic time delay and/or light deflection caused by the moving mass. We prove that the extrinsic gravimagnetic field is generated by the relativistic effect of the aberration of the gravity force caused by the Lorentz transformation of the metric tensor and the Levi–Civita connection. We show that the Lorentz transformation of the gravity field variables is equivalent to the technique of the retarded Lienard–Wiechert gravitational potentials predicting that a light particle is deflected by gravitational field of a moving body from its retarded position so that both general-relativistic phenomena—the aberration and the retardation of gravity—are tightly connected and observing the aberration of gravity proves that gravity has a causal nature. We explain in this framework the 2002 deflection experiment of a quasar by Jupiter where the aberration of gravity from its orbital motion was measured with accuracy 20%. We describe a theory of VLBI experiment to measure the gravitational deflection of radio waves from a quasar by the Sun, as viewed by a moving observer from the geocentric frame, to improve the measurement accuracy of the aberration of gravity to a few percent.     

Line mixing and speed dependence in CO2 at 6227.9 cm: Constrained multispectrum analysis of intensities and line shapes in the 30013 ← 00001 band

Line position, intensity and line shape parameters (Lorentz widths, pressure shifts, line mixing, speed dependence) are reported for transitions of the 30013 ← 00001 band of ¹⁶O¹²C¹⁶O (ν₀ = 6227.9 cm⁻¹). The results are determined from 26 high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra recorded at room temperature with the McMath-Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer. To minimize the systematic errors of the retrieved parameters, we constrained the multispectrum nonlinear least squares retrieval technique to use quantum mechanical expressions for the rovibrational energies and intensities rather than retrieving the individual positions and intensities line by line. Self- and air-broadened Lorentz width and pressure-induced shift, speed dependence and line mixing (off-diagonal relaxation matrix elements) coefficients were adjusted individually. Errors were further reduced by simultaneously fitting the interfering absorptions from the weak 30012 ← 00001 band of ¹⁶O¹³C¹⁶O as well as the weak hot bands 31113 ← 01101, 32213 ← 02201, 40014 ← 10002 and 40013 ← 10001 of ¹⁶O¹²C¹⁶O in this spectral window. This study complements our previous work on line mixing and speed dependence in the 30012 ← 00001 band (ν₀ = 6347.8 cm⁻¹) [V.M. Devi, D.C. Benner, L.R. Brown, C.E. Miller, R.A. Toth, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 242 (2007) 90-117] and provides key data needed to improve atmospheric remote sensing of CO₂.     

Effect of temperature and ionic strength on volumetric and acoustic properties of solutions of urea alkyl derivatives in aqueous NaCl

The present work was undertaken to study volumetric and acoustic properties for diluted solutions of tetramethylurea in pure water and for urea, n-propylurea, n-butylurea and tetramethylurea in 0.5 or 1 mol · dm⁻³ aqueous solutions of sodium chloride. This paper presents measured values of densities and sound velocities at T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K. From these data the apparent molar volumes, V_Φ, adiabatic compressibilities, κ_S, and apparent molar adiabatic compressions, K_S,Φ, were obtained. The values of apparent molar volumes for infinite dilution and limited apparent adiabatic compressions were calculated from extrapolation of the concentration dependence. Further, the corresponding transfer data as well as hydration number of urea and its derivatives in the studied systems were estimated. The obtained parameters are discussed in terms of various solute-solvent and solute-cosolute interactions.     

Thermodynamics of mixing for binary mixtures of 1-octanol and 1-decanol with n-dodecane and ternary mixture of (TBP + 1-octanol + dodecane) at T = (298.15 to 323.15) K

Densities (ρ) and speed of sound (u) of the binary mixtures of 1-octanol and 1-decanol with dodecane and ternary mixture of {1-octanol + tributyl phosphate (TBP) + dodecane} were measured at temperatures from (298.15 to 323.15) K over the entire composition range and at atmospheric pressure. Using these experimentally determined quantities, the excess molar volume (V^E), excess isentropic compressibility (${\kappa }_{\text{s}}^{\text{E}}$) for the binary mixtures and internal pressure (p_i) of (alcohol + dodecane) binary mixtures have been calculated. The deviations shown by the excess quantities have been interpreted in terms of intermolecular interactions and structure of components. Using Hildebrand regular solution theory, several other parameters like the enthalpy and entropy of mixing of the binary components have been obtained. From acoustic measurements, the probable dimerization constant of the alcohols has also been determined. The values of these parameters give an indication of the subtle structural changes that occur in these binary mixtures.     

Volumetric behavior of the ternary system (methyl tert-butyl ether + methylbenzene + butan-1-ol) and its binary sub-system (methyl tert-butyl ether + butan-1-ol) within the temperature range (298.15 to 328.15) K

Values of the density and speed of sound were measured for the ternary system (methyl tert-butyl ether + methylbenzene + butan-1-ol) within the temperature range (298.15 to 328.15) K at atmospheric pressure by a vibrating-tube densimeter DSA 5000. Two binary sub-systems were studied and published previously while the binary sub-system (methyl tert-butyl ether + butan-1-ol) is a new study in this work. Excess molar volume, adiabatic compressibility, and isobaric thermal expansivity were calculated from the experimental values of density and speed of sound. The excess quantities were correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation. The experimental excess molar volumes were analyzed by means of both the Extended Real Associated Solution (ERAS) model and the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The novelty of this work is the qualitative prediction of ternary excess molar volumes for the system containing auto-associative compound and two compounds that can hetero-associate. The combination of the ERAS model and Peng–Robinson equation of state could help to qualitatively estimate the real behavior of the studied systems because the experimental results lie between these two predictions.     

浅海复杂环境下等效声速剖面的构建方法*

针对浅海复杂环境声速剖面水平变化情况下的声传播损失预报及目标定位问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的等效声速剖面重构算法。首先,将声速剖面进行时间和空间上的分解,从而将声速剖面抽象为对声速剖面前三阶正交函数系数的反演;其次,利用遗传算法,以先验声速剖面集为基础,进行参数反演。仿真结果表明,在浅海复杂条件下,传播损失预报受声速剖面及海洋参数的影响,不能直接运用接收或发射位置处的声速剖面进行传播损失预报,否则会对预报结果造成误差。通过构建具有声传播累积效应的等效声速剖面可以提高匹配场定位精度,完成目标定位,且在构建等效声速剖面时,接收位置处即本地声速剖面所占权重较大。     

Viscosimetric and ultrasonic studies of intermolecular interactions of 2-methoxyethanol with diethylene glycol,triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol binary mixtures

The viscosities at T = (293.15, 298.15 and 303.15) K and ultrasonic speeds at T = 298.15 K in the binary liquid mixtures of 2-methoxyethanol with diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol have been measured over the entire mixture compositions. From the experimental data, deviations in the viscosity (Δη), ultrasonic speed (Δu), and excess energies of activation for viscous flow (ΔG* ^E ) have been calculated. The viscosity data were correlated with equations of Hind et al., Grunberg and Nissan, Frenkel, and McAllister. The results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions and structure of studied binary mixtures.