Extreme beam attenuation in double-slit experiments: Quantum and subquantum scenarios

Combining high and low probability densities in intensity hybrids  , we study some of their properties in double-slit setups. In particular, we connect to earlier results on beam attenuation techniques in neutron interferometry and study the effects of very small transmission factors, or very low counting rates, respectively, at one of the two slits. We use a “superclassical” modeling procedure which we have previously shown to produce predictions identical with those of standard quantum theory. Although in accordance with the latter, we show that there are previously unexpected new effects in intensity hybrids for transmission factors below a?10⁻⁴$a?10^{-4}$, which can eventually be observed with the aid of weak measurement techniques. We denote these as quantum sweeper effects, which are characterized by the bunching together of low counting rate particles within very narrow spatial domains. We give an explanation of this phenomenology by the circumstance that in reaching down to ever weaker channel intensities, the nonlinear nature of the probability density currents becomes ever more important, a fact which is generally not considered–although implicitly present–in standard quantum mechanics.     

Facile preparation of MgAl2O4/CeO2/Mn3O4 heterojunction photocatalyst and enhanced photocatalytic activity

Novel Mn₃O₄-promoted double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was constructed by one-step synthesis method and two-step synthesis method. The X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical and photoluminescence demonstrated that the MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by the two-step synthesis method comprehends a high crystallinity, charge carrier migration and separation efficiency, and relatively low optical absorption coefficient. The MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalysts were efficiently used as simulated sunlight-driven n-n and p-n double junction photocatalyst for the simultaneous degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The continuous double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunctions strengthened the function of single n-n or p-n junction and guided the charge carrier migration and separation direction; thus, the oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the active site of spatial separation and prevent the recombination of electrons and holes. The results suggest that the continuous double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunctions are very promising candidate material for enhancing the photocatalytic activity in the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye.     

Steering spatially separated dual sites on nano-TiO2 through SMSI and lattice matching for robust photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Spatial isolation of different functional sites at the nanoscale in multifunctional catalysts for steering reaction sequence and paths remains a major challenge. Herein, we reported the spatial separation of dual-site Au and RuO₂ on the nanosurface of TiO₂ (Au/TiO₂/RuO₂) through the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) and the lattice matching (LM) for robust photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The SMSI between Au and TiO₂ induced the encapsulation of Au nanoparticles by an impermeable TiO_x overlayer, which can function as a physical separation barrier to the permeation of the second precursor. The LM between RuO₂ and rutile-TiO₂ can increase the stability of RuO₂/TiO₂ interface and thus prevent the aggregation of dual-site Au and RuO₂ in the calcination process of removing TiO_x overlayer of Au. The photocatalytic hydrogen production is used as a model reaction to evaluate the performance of spatially separated dual-site Au/TiO₂/RuO₂ catalysts. The rate of hydrogen production of the Au/TiO₂/RuO₂ is as high as 84 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ under solar light irradiation without sacrificial agents, which is 2.5 times higher than the reference Au/TiO₂ and non-separated Au/RuO₂/TiO₂ samples. Systematic characterizations verify that the spatially separated dual-site Au and RuO₂ on the nanosurface of TiO₂ can effectively separate the photo-generated carriers and lower the height of the Schottky barrier, respectively, under UV and visible light irradiation. This study provides new inspiration for the precise construction of different sites in multifunctional catalysts.     

CORSICA: correction of structured noise in fMRI by automatic identification of ICA components

When applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, spatial independent component analysis (sICA), a data-driven technique that addresses the blind source separation problem, seems able to extract components specifically related to physiological noise and brain movements. These components should be removed from the data to achieve structured noise reduction and improve any subsequent detection and analysis of signal fluctuations related to neural activity. We propose a new automatic method called CORSICA (CORrection of Structured noise using spatial Independent Component Analysis) to identify the components related to physiological noise, using prior information on the spatial localization of the main physiological fluctuations in fMRI data. As opposed to existing spectral priors, which may be subject to aliasing effects for long-TR data sets (typically acquired with TR >1 s), such spatial priors can be applied to fMRI data, regardless of the TR of the acquisitions. By comparing the proposed automatic selection to a manual selection performed visually by a human operator, we first show that CORSICA is able to identify the noise-related components for long-TR data with a high sensitivity and a specificity of 1. On short-TR data sets, we validate that the proposed method of noise reduction allows a substantial improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio evaluated at the cardiac and respiratory frequencies, even in the gray matter, while preserving the main fluctuations related to neural activity.     

基于光楔阵列产生光学涡旋阵列的研究

在研究光楔衍射法产生单涡旋的基础上,基于长条形光楔阵列,提出了利用光束阵列衍射产生涡旋阵列的方法.该方法要求光束阵列在平行于光楔边缘方向上的光束间距等于光束直径的整数倍.利用超精密机床采用一体化加工法加工了光楔阵列元件,验证了该方法的可行性.利用空间光调制器快速灵活调整光束阵列的优点,搭建了借助空间光调制器加载达曼光栅衍射产生所需光束阵列的实验光学系统.针对光束阵列与光楔阵列的匹配问题,研究了达曼光栅掩模图基本单元对光束阵列的调控,获得了可调结构的光束阵列.实验产生了拓扑荷一致的光学涡旋阵列,与仿真结果相一致,证明所提方法的有效性.     

激光大气等离子体的电子密度空间分布特性研究

利用Nd∶YAG激光器产生的1.06 μm激光束(脉冲能量为500 mJ,脉冲宽度为10 ns, 重复频率30 Hz)聚焦击穿大气形成长约为8 cm、最大直径为5 cm的激光大气等离子体柱,用光谱测量的方法,分别沿平行于激光束方向和垂直于激光束方向探测该等离子体柱的空间分辨光谱,并由此反演得出电子密度空间分布特性。实验结果表明,激光大气等离子体中各种离子和电子呈橄榄形分布,沿激光束方向不对称,而垂直激光束方向对称分布,最大电子密度为1018 cm-3。文章还探讨了激光大气等离子体中处在不同状态的各种原子、分子和离子在空间的分布特性,为进一步揭示激光大气等离子体的微观空间分布规律提供了实验依据。     

陶瓷材料在压剪联合冲击加载下动态响应的实验研究

 应用57 mm压剪炮和双磁场IMPS粒子测试系统对95%的Al₂O₃陶瓷材料在压剪联合加载条件下的力学行为进行了实验研究,测量得到了材料内部压缩波（P波）、剪切波（S波）的加载、卸载和传播规律。对剪切波的衰减随载荷的变化进行了研究,初步得到95% Al₂O₃陶瓷材料在压剪联合载荷冲击下发生损伤的纵向应力阀值是4.86 GPa。     

球形钨合金破片空气阻力系数实验研究

 实验研究了理想球形钨合金破片和经历爆轰驱动的球形钨合金破片长距离飞行时的速度衰减规律。实验结果表明：（1）对于理想球形钨合金破片,在同一初始速度条件下,衰减系数为常数,空气阻力系数与初始速度有关,两者成线性关系;（2）对于经历爆轰驱动的球形钨合金破片,由于有轻微的质量损失和变形,速度衰减规律与理想球形钨合金破片有明显的区别,空气阻力系数与飞行速度有关,两者成线性关系。     

基于声光效应的光束偏转控制理论研究

基于参量互作用观点及声光互作用原理,构建了入射光为高斯光并且存在声波吸收情况下的声光偏转器模型.基于此模型研究了超声波频率、声波功率和光束入射角对衍射光的影响.对比了有声波吸收和无声波吸收两种情况下上述三个参量对衍射光产生的不同影响.计算结果表明,同无声光吸收时相比,当存在声波吸收时,偏转器的衍射效率将减小,导致衍射波形畸变,光强峰值位置发生偏移.     

用极值频率法分析数字全息的记录条件

根据全息理论,通过分析全息图光栅结构的极值频率,利用抽样定理以及频谱分离条件,分析了离轴菲涅耳全息的记录条件,得到了不同于以往文献的最小记录距离及参考光源设置表达式,并做了计算机模拟验证.结果表明：用该方法推得的离轴菲涅耳全息最小记录距离和参考光设置表达式是正确的.只有同时满足抽样条件和频谱分离条件,才能得到高质量的再现像.