Axial dispersion in a liquid fluidized bed of particles akin to immobilized enzymes

The axial dispersion of a liquid fluidized bed of controlled pore silica (CPS) particles has been determined by the pulse tracer method. The CPS used was the same as for enzyme immobilization, having an average diameter of 0.436 mm and mean pore size of 37.5 nm. The fluidization liquid is α-amylase liquefied manioc starch, 30% w/v, 45°C pH=4.5. Nominal bed porosities tested were 0.7 and 0.8. The results show that the axial dispersion coefficient increases with greater superficial liquid velocities. Various available correlations tested disagree with each other to a large extent and are unable to represent collected experimental data.     

Investigation of operational parameters for an industrial CFB combustor of coal, biomass and sludge

The combustion of coal and/or biomass （sludge, wood waste, RDF, etc.） in a circulating fluidized bed has been a commercial topper for over 20 years, and references to principles and applications are numerous and widespread although few data are presented concerning the operation of large scale CFB-units. The authors studied the CFB-combustion at UPM-Kymmene （Ayr）, a major paper mill relying for its steam production upon the combustion of coal （80-85 %）, wood bark （5-10%） and wastewater treatment sludge （5-10%）. The maximum capacity of the CFB is 58 MWth. A complete diagnostic of the operation was made, and additional tests were performed to assess the operating mode. The plant schematics, relevant dimensions and process data are given. To assess the operation of the UPM-CFB, it is important to review essential design parameters and principles of CFB combustors, which will be discussed in detail to include required data, heat balance and flowrates, operating versus transport velocity, kinetics and conversion （including the possible effect of the Bouduard reaction if carbon is present）. Since the residence time in the riser and the cyclone efficiency determine the burnout of circulating fuel-particles, the UPM-CFB was subjected to a stimulus response technique using nickel oxide as tracer. Results illustrate the efficiency of the cyclone separation and the number of recycle loops for particles of a given size. Results will also be used to assess the cyclone operation and efficiency and to comment upon expected and measured carbon conversion.     

Coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction and expanded bed adsorption for simplified medicinal plant processing and its theoretical model: Extraction and enrichment of ginsenosides from Radix Ginseng as a case study

A high‐efficient and environmental‐friendly method for the preparation of ginsenosides from Radix Ginseng using the method of coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption is described. Based on the optimal extraction conditions screened by surface response methodology, ginsenosides were extracted and adsorbed, then eluted by the two‐step elution protocol. The comparison results between the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption method and conventional method showed that the former was better than the latter in both process efficiency and greenness. The process efficiency and energy efficiency of the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption method rapidly increased by 1.4‐fold and 18.5‐fold of the conventional method, while the environmental cost and CO₂ emission of the conventional method were 12.9‐fold and 17.0‐fold of the new method. Furthermore, the theoretical model for the extraction of targets was derived. The results revealed that the theoretical model suitably described the process of preparing ginsenosides by the coupling of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with expanded bed adsorption system.     

Porous ceramic bed supports for fused silica packed capillary columns used in liquid chromatography

Porous ceramic bed supports for fused silica packed capillary columns utilized in liquid chromatography were prepared by polymerizing solutions containing potassium silicate in-situ within a column to create a mechanically stable, rugged, and easily constructed termination. The effect of the bed support length on efficiency, and comparisons to glass wool bed supports, were considered in terms of column efficiencies and hydrodynamic variables. Results obtained indicate better performance for the ceramic bed support.     

CFD modeling using heterogeneous reaction kinetics for catalytic dehydrogenation syngas reactions in a fixed-bed reactor

A comprehensive 2D computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model was developed to simulate the flow behavior and catalytic dehydrogenation reaction of syngas in a heterogenous fixed-bed reactor （FBR）. The model combined the porous medium CFD model with a reaction kinetics model. To acquire an accu- rate reaction kinetics model, a comprehensive reaction mechanism was studied for the heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation reaction ofsyngas over a supported metal catalyst. Based on the reaction mech- anism and a statistical test, a reliable kinetics model was proposed. The CFD model combined with the above kinetics model was validated with one set of experimental data. The CFD model was also used to predict key reaction variable distributions such as the temperature and the component concentrations in the reactor.     

不同翅片单元外颗粒流换热特性的数值研究

由于成本低,运行稳定,重力驱动移动床在高温固体散料余热回收领域应用潜力较大.然而,相关强化传热技术目前仍待完善.本文基于离散单元法,对颗粒流外掠翅片单元的流动换热特性进行了数值研究.研究表明:通过翅片增加换热面,可以显著提高传热量,但不同翅片单元外颗粒流传热特性不同.颗粒流与不同表面的换热,由颗粒更新、颗粒接触、颗粒竞...     

悬浮床加氢裂化水溶性催化剂的筛选与表征

催化加氢作用, 当金属组分A和组分B浓度分别为 15 μg/g ～ 25 μg/g 和 1100 μg/g～1300 μg/g时催化剂具有较好的催化加氢活性。两元水溶性催化剂硫化后的XPS、XRD和TEM分析结果表明：活性组分经硫化反应后生成了金属硫化物,但组分A硫化率不足50％;组分B易硫化结晶,其晶粒成为组分A的硫化物晶粒或颗粒分散的“载体”,使组分A的硫化物具有较高的分散度,提高了催化剂的加氢活性;A-B双金属水溶性催化剂经硫化反应后所形成的颗粒尺寸在100 nm左右,说明两元金属催化剂在硫化结晶过程中确实存在相互分散和抑制晶粒增长的作用。     

造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NO_x和SO_2的排放特性研究

1前言流化床焚烧污犯是近年来发达国家广泛采用的方法，它能很好地实现污泥的稳定化、无害化、减容化和资源化处理。燃煤流化床锅炉污染物排放方面已做了大量的研究工作，由于污泥与煤在结构和性质方面的差异较大，因此有必要对流化床焚烧污泥时污染物排放特性进行研究。本文详细研究了造纸、废水污泥在流化床中焚烧时污泥水份、运行床温及过量空气对NO。和SO。的排放特性及污泥N－＋NO。、S－SO。的转化率的影响，并对这两种性质差异较大的污泥焚烧时的NO。和502的生成特性进行了对比分析，取得了许多有价值的结果，为污泥流化床焚烧…     

Separation of D‐psicose and D‐fructose using simulated moving bed chromatography

Simulated moving bed (SMB) processes have been widely used in the sugar industries with ion‐exchange resin as a stationary phase. D ‐Psicose, a rare monosaccharide known as a valuable pharmaceutical substrate, was synthesized by the enzymatic conversion from D ‐fructose. The SMB process was adopted to separate D ‐psicose from D ‐fructose. Before the SMB experiment, the reaction mixture including D ‐psicose and D ‐fructose was treated by a deashing process to remove contaminants, such as buffers, proteins, and other organic materials. Four columns packed with Dowex 50WX4‐Ca²⁺ (200–400 mesh) ion‐exchange resins were used in the four‐zone SMB. Single‐step frontal analysis was performed to estimate the isotherm parameters of each monosaccharide. The operating conditions of the SMB process were determined based on the Equilibrium Theory. According to the simulation of the SMB process, the purity and yield of extract product (D ‐psicose) achieved were 99.04 and 97.46%, respectively and those of raffinate product (D ‐fructose) were 99.06 and 99.53%, respectively. Under the optimized operating condition, complete separation (extract purity = 99.36%, raffinate purity = 99.67%) was achieved experimentally.     

Removal of dust from flue gas in magnetically stabilized fluidized bed

A magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB, φ 500mm x 2100mm) was designed to study dust removal from flue gas. Based on the mechanism of dust removal in a fixed bed, the effects on collection efficiency of magnetic field intensity, ratio of flue gas velocity to minimum fluidization velocity, bed height, and particle average diameter, were investigated. Then feasible methods for MSFB to better remove dust were proposed. Over 95% of dust removal with MSFB can be achieved, when stable fluidization is maintained and when magnetic particles are frequently renewed.