Determination of Total Tannin of White and Red Rind Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) by Colorimetry Method Using Reagent 1, 10 Phenantroline

Determination of the total tannin of white and red rind pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has been carried out by colorimetry method using reagent 1,10 phenantroline. This method is based on reduction of iron (III) into iron (II) by tannin at temperature 80⁰C for 20 min. Then the formed of iron (II) was reacted with 1,10 phenantroline to form orange red colour complex that could be measured by spectrophotometer visible at maximum absorption wavelength of 508 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) obtained were 0.34 μg/mL and 1.14 μg/mL, respectively. This result was found to be linier with R value of 0.9984; accuracy as percent recovery was 84.69 ± 0.85% and coefficient of variant (KV) was 1.003% for white rind pomegranate while red rind pomegranate percent recovery was 84.38 ± 0,45% and coefficient of variant (KV) was 0.53%. The total tannin of white rind pomegranate was 18.28 ± 0.072%b/b and red rind pomegranate was 17.33 ± 0.081%b/b     

Anaerobic biological treatment of dye bearing water in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor: Performance and kinetics studies

Textile and dye industries are main sources of dye bearing effluent. In present studies the anaerobic biological degradation of Acid Red 3BN dye water (AR3BNDW) and mixed dye water (MDW) for reduction of color and COD were studied in sequential batch reactor (SBR). The sludge as sources of microorganism was arranged from maize processing bio methanation wastewater treatment plant, which was acclimatized for treatment of AR3BNDW and MDW. After the acclimatization, dyes degradation were studied in SBR At optimum operation condition of hydraulics retention time (HRT) = 2.5 d, and treatment time (t_R) = 16 h, AR3BNDW have gone maximum 87% color reduction of 500 mg/L dye, and 82.8% COD reduction of 380 mg/L COD. At same operating condition, 84.5% color reduction of 500 mg/L dye, and 79.42% COD reduction of 413 mg/L COD achieved for MDW. The second order Grau model was fitted well for COD and dye reductions. The kinetics parameter were evaluated for both the dye water.     

美丽红色胭脂 魅力红色化学*

介绍了中国胭脂的演变简史,以化学视角对胭脂的发展进行分类:无机胭脂、有机胭脂(天然植物胭脂、有机合成类胭脂)等。进行模拟实验研究,探究胭脂制作工艺流程,分析胭脂中红色物质的成分和显色机制。阐述每个阶段胭脂的不足之处,科普胭脂中的红色化学知识,体会化学对美和健康的重要意义,感受化学的无穷魅力。     

A simple method for removal of toxic dyes such as Brilliant Green and Acid Red from the aquatic environment using Halloysite nanoclay

This project explains an easy, simple and eco-friendly method to remove some toxic dyes like Brilliant Green and Acid Red from aquatic solution by technique of solid-phase extraction that uses Halloysite nanoclay eco-friendly solid phase as absorbent surface for adsorption of dye. The physical properties of the HNC such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface area analysis were studied. The best conditions like pH of the solution, HNC weight, contact shaking time, the temperature of the solution, and ionic strength were investigated for removal effectiveness. The experimental data of the adsorption process showed that HNC can remove most of the dyes within 30 min, with an adsorption capacity of 12.5 mg/g for A.R dye and 13.9 mg/g for B.G dye on HNC solid phase at optimum conditions. The removal process of dyes on HNC was studied kinetically and thermodynamically, and the data confirms that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was able to describe the adsorption process. Thermodynamic data confirms the process was spontaneous andexothermic in nature for A.R dye, while was spontaneous and endothermic in nature for B.G dye. Finally, the effectiveness of HNC was inspected by removing dyes from three various real samples, and the results showed high performance in removing dyes on HNC for four consecutive cycles.     

Removal of Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solution with Layered Cationic Aluminum Oxyhydroxide

It is highly desired yet challenged to find an adsorbent with low cost and excellent performance in the removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution. Here we reported that a layered cationic aluminum oxyhydroxide material hydrothermally synthesized from the low-cost source materials of AlCl₃∙6H₂O, CaO and H₂O, known as JU-111, can meet such criterion in removing methyl orange(MO) and Congo red(CR). JU-111 shows fast adsorption kinetics[especially for CR(15 s)] and high adsorption capacity(MO:>1000 mg/g; CR:>2900 mg/g), surpassing most of the reported adsorbents. Comprehensive characterizations of the adsorption process of MO and CR revealed that both adsorptions were achieved via the anion exchange process. The characteristics of extremely low cost and excellent performance render JU-111 great potential in the practical applications in the removal of anionic dyes.     

Optimized adsorption and effective disposal of Congo red dye from wastewater: Hydrothermal fabrication of MgAl-LDH nanohydrotalcite-like materials

The effectiveness of Congo red (CR) adsorption from aqueous solutions onto MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanosorbents was examined in this study. MgAl-LDH was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and physicochemical characterization was performed via powdered X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and zeta potential measurements. For optimum adsorption of CR onto the synthesized MgAl-LDH nanosorbent, the adsorption process was employed in batch experiments. Adsorption parameters, such as the adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration, vary with the adsorption kinetics and isotherm mechanism. The results of the batch experiments indicated rapid adsorption of CR dye from aqueous solutions onto MgAl-LDH during the first 30 min until equilibrium was achieved at 180 min with a dye concentration of 50 mg/100 mL and MgAl-LDH adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g. The experimental adsorption data fit adequately with the monolayer coverage under the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9792), and showed the best fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.996). The change in zeta potential confirmed the effective adsorption interaction between the positively charged MgAl-LDH and the negatively charged CR molecules with electrostatic interactions. This work is distinguished by the successful hydrothermal preparation of MgAl-LDH in the form of homogenous nanoscale particles (～100 nm). The prepared MgAl-LDH showed a high adsorption capacity toward anionic CR dye with a maximum adsorption capacity of 769.23 mg/g. This capacity is higher than those reported for other adsorbents in previous research.     

Screening of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of functionalized tetrahydrocarbazole linked 1,2-diazoles and their docking studies

Inflammatory diseases are associated with life-threatening syndromes like hepatitis, cancer, and trauma injury while some decrease the quality of life such as rheumatism, arthritis, and tuberculosis. 1,2-Diazoles (pyrazolines) play a vital role in COX-2 inhibition thus dinitro-tetrahydrocarbazole linked pyrazolines have been synthesized and endeavor to screen for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and molecular docking studies. For this purpose, 6,8-dinitro-acetyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrocarbazole (I), aromatic aldehydes (IIa-e) and hydrazines (IIIa-b) were combined via multicomponent reaction approach under the influence of microwave irradiations to afford pyrazolines (1–10). All new molecules were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by human red blood cells membrane stabilization, antioxidant potential by2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,2,2´-azinobis (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant capacity assays along with cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality assay. Molecular docking was performed by using the Auto Dock program. Both disubstituted and trisubstituted diazoles showed excellent membrane stabilizing effects, (91.89 % and 77 %, respectively). The presence of phenol, furan, thiocarbamide, and chloro-moieties have the most prominent effect. Toxicity results indicated that compounds were less toxic at the tested dose (0.1 mg/ml). The antioxidant study showed that compound 2 was more active showing low IC₅₀ values (32.2 and 39.2 µg/ml) in DPPH and total phenolic contents assays respectively. Compound 3 (44.0 µg/ml) showed the highest potential assay in ABTS radical neutralization assay while compound 7 (65.0 µg/ml) showed maximum potential in lipid peroxidation. All diazoles (1–10) were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory potential where disubstituted diazoles were found better than trisubstituted analogs and exhibited significant antioxidant potential. Molecular docking of diazoles showed a good correlation of their anti-inflammatory activity with p38α MAPK, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes that are molecular therapeutic targets of inflammation.     

Red Blood Cell Stiffness and Adhesion Are Species-Specific Properties Strongly Affected by Temperature and Medium Changes in Single Cell Force Spectroscopy

Besides human red blood cells (RBC), a standard model used in AFM-single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), little is known about apparent Young’s modulus (Ea) or adhesion of animal RBCs displaying distinct cellular features. To close this knowledge gap, we probed chicken, horse, camel, and human fetal RBCs and compared data with human adults serving as a repository for future studies. Additionally, we assessed how measurements are affected under physiological conditions (species-specific temperature in autologous plasma vs. 25 °C in aqueous NaCl solution). In all RBC types, Ea decreased with increasing temperature irrespective of the suspension medium. In mammalian RBCs, adhesion increased with elevated temperatures and scaled with reported membrane sialic acid concentrations. In chicken only adhesion decreased with higher temperature, which we attribute to the lower AE-1 concentration allowing more membrane undulations. Ea decreased further in plasma at every test temperature, and adhesion was completely abolished, pointing to functional cell enlargement by adsorption of plasma components. This halo elevated RBC size by several hundreds of nanometers, blunted the thermal input, and will affect the coupling of RBCs with the flowing plasma. The study evidences the presence of a RBC surface layer and discusses the tremendous effects when RBCs are probed at physiological conditions.     

Water-in-Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Containing Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) and Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extracts

Hydrophobic curcumin in temulawak extract and hydrophilic betacyanin in red dragon fruit extract are high-value bioactive compounds with extensive applications in functional food. In this study, these extracts were encapsulated in water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) nanoemulsions as a delivery system using a two-step high-energy emulsification method. PGPR and Span 20 were used as lipophilic emulsifiers for the primary w/o emulsion. The most stable w/o/w formulation with the least oil phase separation of 5% v/v consisted of w/o emulsion (15% w/w) and Tween 80 (1.5% w/w) as hydrophilic emulsifier. The formulation was characterized by a 189-nm mean droplet diameter, 0.16 polydispersity index, and –32 mV zeta potential. The freeze–thaw stability may be attributed to the combination of low w/o emulsion content and high Tween 80 concentration in the outer water phase of the w/o/w nanoemulsions used in this study. The IC₅₀ values of the nanoemulsion and the red dragon fruit extract were similar. It means that the higher concentration of curcumin in the nanoemulsions and the lower IC₅₀ value of temulawak extract ensured sufficient antioxidant activities of the w/o/w nanoemulsions.     

Development of a Wine Metabolomics Approach for the Authenticity Assessment of Selected Greek Red Wines

Wine metabolomics constitutes a powerful discipline towards wine authenticity assessment through the simultaneous exploration of multiple classes of compounds in the wine matrix. Over the last decades, wines from autochthonous Greek grape varieties have become increasingly popular among wine connoisseurs, attracting great interest for their authentication and chemical characterization. In this work, 46 red wine samples from Agiorgitiko and Xinomavro grape varieties were collected from wineries in two important winemaking regions of Greece during two consecutive vintages and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS). A targeted metabolomics methodology was developed, including the determination and quantification of 28 phenolic compounds from different classes (hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes and flavonoids). Moreover, 86 compounds were detected and tentatively identified via a robust suspect screening workflow using an in-house database of 420 wine related compounds. Supervised chemometric techniques were employed to build an accurate and robust model to discriminate between two varieties.