The use of 1H NMR microscopy to study proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

To understand proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) better, researchers have used several techniques to visualize their internal operation. This Concept outlines the advantages of using 1H NMR microscopy, that is, magnetic resonance imaging, to monitor the distribution of water in a working PEMFC. We describe what a PEMFC is, how it operates, and why monitoring water distribution in a fuel cell is important. We will focus on our experience in constructing PEMFCs, and demonstrate how 1H NMR microscopy is used to observe the water distribution throughout an operating hydrogen PEMFC. Research in this area is briefly reviewed, followed by some comments regarding challenges and anticipated future developments.     

Enhancement of photocurrent generation by honeycomb structures in organic thin films.

A light-emitting poly (distyryldimethylbenzene-co-triethylene glycol) rod-coil block copolymer was used to fabricate films with three-dimensionally ordered honeycomb structures by the breath-figure method. Photocurrent generation and photovoltaic performance are studied, and the dependence of photocurrent on applied electric field is investigated. Introducing the ordered porous structure significantly improves the photoelectric conversion behavior, because porous structures not only enhance the light-harvesting efficiency but also benefit charge separation and charge transfer. This phenomenon may have great prospects for enhancing the photovoltaic behavior of organic thin-film devices.     

SAPO-34分子筛骨架稳定性的研究

利用差热分析，原位ＸＲＤ技术，高温条件下的焙烧和水蒸气处理并关联其催化性能变化，研究了ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛的热及水热稳定性，差热分析结果表明，ＳＡＰＯ－３４的骨架破坏温度高于１３００Ｋ，原位ＸＲＤ跟踪研究证实，ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛原粉在高温焙烧以除掉有机胺及随后的降温过程中无明显的骨架破坏；而焙烧型ＳＡＰＯ－３４在空气中放置一定时间后，水分子吸附微孔中明业降低样品的ＸＲＤ峰强度，且降低幅度随放置时     

芳酸及其衍生物的三氯甲基化反应的研究

首次报道了以四氯苯膦为转化剂或采用二氯苯膦与五氯化磷相结合, 将芳酸或芳酰氯转化为三氯甲基芳烃. 同时, 对影响反应的因素进行了研究, 发现连有推电子基的二氯苯膦有促进反应的作用, 而连有吸电子基团则减缓反应的进行, 而反应底物(芳酸或芳酰氯)的结构效应则相反: 连有吸电子基的芳酸有利于反应, 而连有推电子基团则减缓反应的进行. 此外, 发现反应中生成的苯膦酰二氯可作为催化剂重复使用, 并对转化反应的条件进行了改进与优化, 合成出9个三氯甲基芳烃, 其中2个是未见文献报道的新化合物.     

Production and properties of 3-cyanopyridine hydratase inRhodococcus equi SHB-121

A strain ofRhodococcus equi SHB-121 forming 3-cyanopyridine hydratase was screened from nitrile-polluted soil. The optimum conditions for the formation of 3-cyanopyridine hydratase by the strain SHB-121 have been studied. Under the optimum conditions, the specific activity of the enzyme reached 5.32 U/mg of dry cell, 95 times higher than that cultured in screening medium. In addition, the activity of coexistent amidase was very low. 3-Cyanopyridine hydratase was purified from methylacrylamide-induced cells ofRh. equi SHB-121 by procedures including ultrasonic oscillation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose DE52, hydroxyapatite, and Sephadex G-25. The overall purification was 31-fold. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 30 kDA by SDS-PAGE. The pI value was 4.1. The transition temperature and pH were 7.0°C and 6.0, respectively, resulting from the differential spectra. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were 8.0 and 30°C. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, and NH₄ ⁺, whereas it was enhanced by Fe³⁺ slightly. The enzyme catalyzed the hydration of 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinamide, and itsKm value was 0.1 mol/L. Uncompetitive inhibitor sodium cyanide has a K, value of 5 mmol/L.     

粉煤灰空心微珠沸石化制备复合空心球

采用晶种静电吸附-诱导转化技术，成功地将选自工业废弃物粉煤灰的空心微 球转化为具有沸石/莫来石双层复合球壳结构的空心球，用XRD和SEM等手段对产物 进行了表征，并对球壳的转化机理进行了讨论。     

A kinetic study of methane conversion by a dinitrogen microwave plasma

Conversion of CH₄ with a N₂ microwave plasma (2.45 GHz) is studied. The experiments cover the absorbed microwave power range 300–700 W with 17–62% of methane in the gas mixture, with pressures of 10–40 mbar and flow rates of 140–650 ml· min^–1. The yields of C₂ hydrocarbons and dihydrogen are analyzed by gas chromatography. The distance of methane addition downstream of the plasma plays an important role on the composition and the concentration of the products obtained. This distance mainly determines the energy concentrated in the active species of the plasma when they react with methane. Different behaviors for acetylene formation, on the one hand, and for ethane and ethene formation, on the other hand, have been observed, and this finding allows us to propose a kinetic mechanism for the decay of methane and for the formation of C₂ hydrocarbons.     

1,1,4,4-Tetranitrobutane-2,3-diol and its derivatives. 5. Reaction of 1,1,4,4-tetranitrobutane-2,3-diol with formaldehyde; synthesis and crystal structure of 4,4-dinitro-2,3-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran

1,1,4,4-Tetranitrobutane-2,3-diol reacts with formaldehyde, forming 2,2-dinitropropane-1,3-diol or a cyclic ether — 4,4-dinitro-2,3-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran — as a function of the reaction conditions.Institute of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2755–2759, December, 1992.     

循环流化床(CFB)煤/焦气化反应的研究 Ⅰ.操作气速、固体循环速率对循环流化床气化反应的影响

报道了山西西山焦煤飞灰，在小型循环流化床气化反应器上，以二氧化碳为气化介质，在不同操作条件下（气速、固体循环速率）的气化反应。研究结果表明，ＣＯ出口浓度及碳转化率随着ＣＦＢ操作气速减小、固体颗粒循环速率的增加而增加。即在ＣＦＢ床中，提高气体、固体停留时间（床内固体颗粒浓度）有利于ＣＦＢ气化的进行。ＣＯ浓度及碳转化率沿床高的变化趋势与床内颗粒浓度分布一致。     

Highly diastereoselective chemoenzymatic synthesis of (2′R)- and (2′S)-2′-deoxy[2′-H]guanosines

In an effort to develop an efficient synthetic method of highly diastereoselective (2′R)- and (2′S)-2′-deoxy[2′-²H]guanosines, chemoenzymatic conversion was investigated. The synthesis of (2′R > 98% de)-2′-deoxy[2′-²H]guanosine was achieved by biological transdeoxyribosylation using (2′R > 98% de)-2′-deoxy[2′-²H]uridine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and Enterobacter aerogenes AJ-11125, followed by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (2′S > 98% de)-2′-Deoxy[2′-²H]guanosine was synthesized from (2′S > 98% de)-2′-deoxy[2′-²H]uridine and 2,6-diaminopurine using thymidine phosphorylase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase instead of E. aerogenes AJ-11125.