吹扫捕集-气相色谱法同时测定海水中的氟氯烃和六氟化硫

氟氯烃(CFCs)和六氟化硫(SF6)都是人工合成的卤代化合物,在海洋科学考察中是非常重要的基础观测参数,在示踪海/气交换、水团交换等一系列重要海洋学过程研究中均有特殊的应用价值;同时,也可以用于估算表观耗氧速率(Apparent oxygen utilization rate,AOUR)以及人为碳(Anthropogenic C02,Cant)等一些重要的物理及生物地球化学过程参量.CFCs,SF6在海水中的浓度非常低,测量难度大,而CFCs和SF6的联合使用对海洋学过程研究具有重大意义.本研究建立了一套吹扫捕集系统以分析海水中CFC-12和SF6,对吹扫捕集系统测定条件进行了优化,最佳的实验条件为:捕集温度-70℃,吹扫时间8min,吹扫压力310 kPa,脱附时间30 s,脱附温度90℃.本方法测定简单、灵敏度高,CFC-12和SF6的检出限分别为0.02 pmol/kg和0.03 fmol/kg,CFC-12和SF6的测定精密度分别为±1.2％和±0.5％.标准工作曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.9995.本方法成功应用于2014年中国第六次北极科学考察航次中采集的海水样品的测定.     

微顺序注射-镉柱还原分光光度法测定海水中总氮

基于微顺序注射-阀上实验室,采用镉柱还原-偶氮染料染色分光光度法测定海水中总氮,对实验参数进行了优化,并进行了干扰因素实验。结果表明,海水中主要离子和盐度对本实验方法测定会产生干扰,采用一定盐度的国家标准海水作为溶剂制备系列标准溶液,可消除干扰。海水中总氮浓度在0.03~1.00 mg/L范围内与吸光度呈良好线性,线性相关系数r=0.9993;测定含氮浓度为0.2 mg/L的国家标准海水,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.9％;方法的检出限为0.010 mg/L;样品加标回收率在99.5％~101.1％之间。经t检验分析,本方法与国标方法测定数据无显著性差异,可用于海水样品中总氮的测定。     

Simultaneous determination of suspended particulate trace metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in seawater with small volume filtration assisted by microwave digestion and flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

A new technique for the determination of suspended particulate trace metals (P-metals >0.2 μm), such as Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, in open ocean seawater has been developed by using microwave digestion coupled with flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FI-ICP-MS). Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected from 500 mL of seawater on a Nuclepore filter (0.2 μm) using a closed filtration system. Both the SPM and filter were completely dissolved by microwave digestion. Reagents for the digestion were evaporated using a clean evaporation system, and the metals were redissolved in 0.8 M HNO₃. The solution was diluted with buffer solution to give pH 5.0 and the metals were determined by FI-ICP-MS using a chelating adsorbent of 8-hydroxyquinoline immobilized on fluorinated metal alkoxide glass (MAF-8HQ). The procedure blanks with a filter were found to be 0.048 ± 0.008, 10.3 ± 0.3, 0.27 ± 0.05, 3.3 ± 1.8, 0.02 ± 0.03 and 0.85 ± 0.09 ng L⁻¹ for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively (n = 14). Detection limits defined as 3 times the standard deviation of the blanks were 0.023, 0.90, 0.14, 5.3, 0.078 and 0.28 ng L⁻¹ for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively. Accuracy was evaluated using certified reference materials of chlorella (NES CRM No. 3) and marine sediment (HISS-1). The method was applied to the determination of vertical distributions for P-Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the Western North Pacific.     

Characterization of seawater and weather aged polyurethane elastomer for bend stiffeners

A bend stiffener grade polyurethane (PU) elastomer was physically and mechanically characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and tensile tests. The material was then exposed to artificial seawater and weather up to 12 months to evaluate its stability as bend stiffeners are exposed to this type of environment during offshore operation. The characterization of aged samples was performed comparing the ageing effects on the chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties with those of the non-aged material. The mass variation of aged samples immersed in artificial seawater was also measured. A slight change in the chemical structure led to a color change from dark green to brown in the samples exposed to natural weathering for 12 months. Increases in thermal stability, stiffness and strength characteristics were also verified, which may be associated to additional crosslink formation. In contrast, a significant mechanical property drop was observed for the artificial seawater aged PU, being attributed to a plasticizer effect induced by the ageing fluid. The stress-strain curves were adjusted with the Mooney-Rivlin model allowing the crosslink density estimation. The weather aged PU presented higher crosslink density than seawater aged and non-aged samples.     

Ionic Diode Characteristics at a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM) | Nafion “Heterojunction” Deposit on a Microhole Poly(ethylene‐terephthalate) Substrate

Ionic diode phenomena occur at asymmetric ionomer | aqueous electrolyte microhole interfaces. Depending on the applied potential, either an “open” or a “closed” diode state is observed switching between a high ion flow rate and a low ion flow rate. Physically, the “open” state is associated mainly with conductivity towards the microhole within the ionomer layer and the “closed” state is dominated by restricted diffusion‐migration access to the microhole interface opposite to the ionomer. In this report we explore a “heterojunction” based on an asymmetric polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) | Nafion ionomer microhole interface. Improved diode characteristics and current rectification are observed in aqueous NaCl. The effects of creating the PIM | Nafion micro‐interface are investigated and suggested to lead to novel sensor architectures.     

Direct Fluorescence Monitoring of Coal Organic Matter Released in Seawater

Whenever immersed in seawater after a collier accident, a fossil fuel such as coal could become a source of pollution to the marine environment. To study the effect of such a contamination, four coal samples from different origins were used. A first analysis on those coals enabled us to determine the content of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Seawater was then mixed with coal to study the organic matter released from coal into seawater. Fluorescence was used for its sensitivity to aromatic compounds, with the additional purpose of evaluating the relevance of using an immerse fluorescence probe to monitor water pollution. Excitation–emission matrices were recorded and the excitation–emission wavelength range corresponding to the highest fluorescence intensity was 230 nm/[370 nm; 420 nm]. The samples with coal happened to fluoresce more than the coal-free samples, the difference depending on the coal origin. The fluorescence intensity increased with coal mass, up to some limit. The particle size also influenced the fluorescence intensity, the finest particles releasing more fluorescing substances, due to their higher exchange surface. When seawater percolated through coal, the samples fluoresced highly at the beginning, and then the fluorescence intensity decreased and reached the seawater level. However, even with a 10 ns acquisition time shift, the fluorescence spectra were not specific enough to show the presence of PAHs in the samples, which were too diluted to be detected, whenever released from coal into seawater. The lifetimes of the seawater and of the coal samples were respectively 4.7 and 3.8 ns, indicating that the substances released from coal mainly consisted of short-lived fluorescing substances, such as natural humic or fulvic substances. Consequently, the presence of coal does not seem to be too detrimental to the marine environment, and a direct fluorescence probe could be used to monitor the seawater organic charge increase due to the immersion of coal in seawater.     

共价有机框架膜的制备及其在海水淡化和水处理领域的研究进展

日益严重的水资源短缺和水资源污染问题是全球面临的挑战,大力发展海水淡化和水处理技术是缓解该问题的有效途径.近年来,能耗低、环境友好的膜分离技术被广泛用于海水淡化和水处理领域.共价有机框架（Covalent organic framework,COF）膜因其具有大小可控、化学性质可调的孔道,成为潜在的高性能膜分离材料.本综述详细介绍了COF膜合成方法学的研究进展,概述了COF膜在海水淡化和水处理领域的研究,并展望了其在海水淡化和水处理领域的前景和面临的挑战.     

基于钌配合物荧光猝灭原理的新型氟化有机改性溶胶-凝胶氧传感膜的研究

选用3,3,3-三氟丙基三甲氧基硅烷为前驱体,制备氧光化学传感膜材料.利用4,7-二苯基-1,10-邻菲咯啉钌(Ⅱ)([Ru(dpp)3(ClO4)2])为氧荧光猝灭指示剂,通过优化制备条件获得对氧浓度变化具有敏感响应的传感膜.研究结果表明:所制备的氧传感膜对水体中的溶解氧的线性响应范围为0.5～16.0 mg/L,最...     

Trace metals distribution in surface and deep seawater from the Ría de Arousa estuary (north-western Spain): Study before and after the Prestige oil tanker sinking

Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, Sn, Fe, Al and Zn in surface and deep seawater samples from Ría de Arousa estuary (Galicia, north-western Spain) collected before and after the Prestige spillage were determined. Data were then used to evaluate the impact of the Prestige accident in the Ría de Arousa by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Surface water from Sar River and Ulla River was also analysed for the same elements. Determinations were performed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) after solid phase extraction (SPE) of element-8-hydroxyquinoline complexes onto commercial C18 cartridges. The highest concentrations were found in sampling stations along Ulla River, while Al, Fe and Sn offered the highest values in surface and deep seawater from the inner part of the estuary, area where the main villages and sport harbours are located. PCA and CA have shown an independent group formed by surface seawater from the East margin of the mouth of the estuary collected after the Prestige oil spill. However, independent groups were not observed when using deep seawater data, and the effect of the Prestige accident appears to be less evident.     

Determination of uranium in seawater by flow-injection preconcentration on dodecylamidoxime-impregnated resin and spectrophotometric detection

A flow injection method has been developed for the determination of uranium in seawater combining the on-line preconcentration with spectrophotometric detection. An aliquot (10 mL) of the seawater sample adjusted to pH 5.5 was injected into the analytical system and uranium was adsorbed on the column packed with styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin (Bio-Beads SM-2) modified with dodecylamidoxime which showed high selectivity to uranium. Uranium was then eluted with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid and detected spectrophotometrically after the reaction with Chlorophosphonazo III. Interference from calcium and strontium was masked with cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid added to the chromogenic reagent solution. The sample throughput, the detection limit (3σ), and the preconcentration factor were 23 per hour, 0.13 μg/L, and 20, respectively, when the sample injection volume was kept at 10 mL. The precision at the 2 μg/L level was less than 4% (RSD). The proposed method was applied to the determination of uranium in the seawater samples collected off the Boso peninsula, Japan and the uranium concentration was found to be ca. 3 μg/L, which is close to the literature data. The yield of the recovery test ranged from 95% to 99%.