Digital Photography in Measurements of Shifts of Object Surfaces with Formation of the Speckle Structure In White Light

We describe and analyze the experimental realization of a speckle interferometry scheme designed for measurement of the value of the shift of the object surface along the surface itself. In contrast to classical speckle interferometric schemes, we use a specially formed two-dimensional pattern of the random binary structure as a speckle structure. The pattern being illuminated by the white light is photographed with the use of a digital camera. Further processing of the information related to the Fourier transformation of the pictures registered and determination of the obtained fringe structure period is carried out in a PC.     

The effect of modulated electric field on characteristic of SDBD-like plasma jet for surface modification

In this paper, the dynamics and flow behaviour of an atmospheric argon plasma jet was studied in the new nozzle structure similar to the surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) using the Schlieren imaging method. The effect of plasma jet driven by repetitive high-voltage microsecond pulses with low-frequency sinusoidal bias was measured qualitatively in a single mirror Schlieren optical system. The enhancement of plasma jet length and cross-section of plasma jet with surface in this condition is due to highly turbulent flow of argon plasma jet in this structure. This study revealed the important role of SDBD structure and modulated electric field on the behaviour of plasma jet in a high diameter nozzle. In practice, this technique allows us to increase the jet length of the nozzle output to 5 cm and under these conditions, the diameter of the plasma jet cross-section is increased to 8 mm, without increasing the electrical power consumption. Eventually, the hydrophilicity of the surface is also measured by the contact angle of a water droplet that decreases from 78° to 8° after surface treatment, implying we were able to reach a super-hydrophilic surface with this plasma jet structure.     

Analysis of two colliding laser-produced plasmas by emission spectroscopy and fast photography

In this work two colliding laser-induced plasmas (LIP) on Cu and C were studied by means of time resolved emission spectroscopy and fast photography. The experiments were performed using two opposing parallel targets of Cu and C in vacuum, ablated with two synchronized ns lasers. The results showed an increased emission intensity from copper ions Cu II (368.65, 490.97, 493.16, 495.37 and 630.10 nm) and Cu III (374.47 and 379.08 nm) due to the ionization that occurs during collisions of Cu and C species. It was found that the optimum delay between pulses, which yields the maximum emission enhancement of Cu ions, depends on the sampling distance. On the other hand, the emission intensity of C lines, C II (426.70 nm), C III (406.99 and 464.74 nm) and C IV (465.83 nm), decreased and the formation of C₂ molecules was observed. A comparison between the temporal evolution of the individual plasmas and their collision performed by combining imaging and the time resolved emission diagnostics, revealed an increase of the electron temperature and electron density and the splitting of the plume into slow and fast components.     

Influence of pulse-to-pulse delay for 532 nm double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of technical polymers

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging technique for fast and accurate compositional analysis of many different materials. We present a systematic study of collinear double-pulse LIBS on different technical polymers such as polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene etc. Polymer samples were ablated in air by single-pulse and double-pulse Nd:YAG laser radiation (8 ns pulse duration) and spectra were recorded with an Echelle spectrometer equipped with an ICCD camera. We investigated the evolution of atomic and ionic line emission intensities for different delay times between the laser pulses (from 20 ns to 500 μs) at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. We observed double-pulse LIBS signals that were enhanced as compared to single-pulse measurements depending on the delay time and the type of polymer material investigated. LIBS signals of polymer materials that are enhanced by double-pulse excitation may be useful for monitoring the concentration of heavy metals in polymer materials.     

Dilution Methods in Flow Injection Analysis. Evaluation of Different Approaches as Exemplified for the Determination of Nitrosyl in Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

Abstract

Instigated by developing a flow injection procedure for assay of nitrosyl in concentrated sulphuric acid, different approaches for reliable and robust on-line dilution in FIA were evaluated. These comprised the application of mixing tees in conjunction with mixing coils (including knotted reactors) of different internal diameter, zone sampling, the use of a mixing chamber, micro-sampling, and sample injection by means of pseudo-hydrodynamic injection. The individual approaches are described in detail, their advantages and disadvantages being emphasized in regard to their practical applicability. For each approach the criteria stipulated were that the procedure should allow a dilution factor of approximately 100, yet without excessive zone spreading, so that it, on one hand, could effectively eliminate the pronounced Schlieren effect encountered when mixing concentrated sulphuric acid with an aqueous diluent, and, on the other hand, would permit the sample material to be appropriately conditioned for the ensuing chemical derivatization procedure. It was found that this most reliably could be effected by a combination of pseudo-hydrodynamic injection comprising a mixing point and the use of mixing tees in conjunction with knotted reactors of relatively large internal diameter (1.5 mm). The optimized FI-manifold was used with the Griess method for the spectrophotometric assay of nitrosyl (nitrite) in standards prepared in the matrix of concentrated sulphuric acid (detection limit 0.16 mg/1 NO⁺-N (3[sgrave])) and in practical WSA-samples.     

无海面控制点的立体摄影海浪测量方法研究

介绍了一种无海面控制点的立体摄影海浪测量方法, 给出了其数学模型和相关算法. 文中利用海浪特性, 基于最小二乘法和海浪波面理论, 给出了一种新的外方位元素定标方式. 与传统的立体摄影定标方式相比, 该定标方式充分利用了平均海平面的性质, 既避免了海面控制点的需求, 又使测量数据更为直观, 同时还为基于运动平台的立体摄影海浪测量技术的发展提供了理论依据. 实验室实验表明基于本文发展的立体摄影测量系统精度较高, 可以用于海面微尺度波的测量; 现场实验表明基于本文发展的立体摄影测量系统测量面积可达10⁴ m² 量级, 是一种有效的大尺度海浪测量手段.     

Reconstruction of the density field using the Colored Background Oriented Schlieren Technique (CBOS)

In this paper the improved Background Oriented Schlieren technique called CBOS (Colored Background Oriented Schlieren) is described and used to reconstruct density fields of three-dimensional flows. The Background Oriented Schlieren technique (BOS) allows to measure the light deflection caused by density gradients in a compressible flow. For this purpose the local image displacements of the image of a background pattern observed through the flow is used. In order to increase the performance of the conventional Background Oriented Schlieren technique, the monochromatic background is replaced by a colored dot pattern. The different colors are treated separately using suitable correlation algorithms. Therefore, the accuracy and the spatial resolution can be increased. A tomographic reconstruction method is then used to reconstruct the density field in three-dimensional flows from CBOS measurements.     

异种金属界面液态钎料的润湿铺展

采用高速摄影及其数据分析处理系统,对低碳钢-不锈钢异种金属界面液态钎料润湿铺展的动态过程进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,采用台阶加热能保证形成可靠的异种金属钎焊接头,从而提高了钎焊质量。     

Dye Diffusion Systems in Color Photography

Dye diffusion instant color photography has been a commercial success ever since its introduction in 1963. No doubt this is partly due to the spectacular nature of this innovation, and for the same reason it has never really rid itself of its gadget image. Moreover, the picture quality was inferior to that of traditional color photography. Photographic materials are now available whose image quality approaches that of the traditional color print. It is not well known that chemistry, and organic chemistry in particular, is the cornerstone of these new photographic products. Insights from this field have spurred creativity, not only in the fields of dye and polymer chemistry, but above all in the search for more efficient and, hopefully better, dye diffusion transfer systems. The result of all these efforts is a finely tuned microscale chemical factory which continues to open rewarding perspectives for the photographic industry.     

动态白光散斑法的灵敏度及其提高

本文用非相干成象系统频谱分析的概念,分析了动态白光散斑法的灵敏度问题。提出了提高灵敏度的方法,使之不仅能测量大的动态变形,而且也能测量小的动态变形,如果用光弹性材料作试件,能同时得到动态等差线,进行主应力分离。