交联淀粉囊材对含羧基类除草剂的缓释性能研究

以淀粉或变性淀粉为囊材,对囊化农药进行控释或缓释,可延长药效、避免药害、减少浪费和防止污染^[1-4]。 然而,水溶胀程度大导致淀粉胶囊制品耐水性差。目前,降低其水溶胀程度的措施有淀粉黄原酸酯化后的交联囊化法^[5]、淀粉－钙加合物法^[6]和淀粉－硼酸络合物法^[7,8]。但由于含羧基类农药的水溶性对碱敏感,上述方法中淀粉的糊化、化学改性和交联所必须的强碱性条件会使含羰基类农药呈现水溶性,致使它们在水环境条件下会以更大的速度从淀粉囊材中释放出来。可 见,含羧基类农药不能用这几种方法来改善其缓释性能。本文以甲醛为交联剂,在淀粉囊化农药过程中对淀粉囊材进行交联,能够有效地降低淀粉胶囊制品的水溶胀程度的和所囊药剂的释放速度,延长有效控释时间,较大幅度地提高其缓释性能和耐水性。该囊化方法解决了一些碱敏感性农药在淀粉中的囊化问题。     

PREPARATION OF STARCH SUCCINATE WITH INTERMEDIATE DS BY AQUEOUS SLURRY REACTION

The succinylation of cornstarch by slurry reaction has been studied using sodium hydroxide as catalyst.Several reaction parameters affecting the succinylation were investigated including the concentration of starch in water,the ratio of succinic anhydride to starch,the reaction time and the reaction temperature,The favorable conditions for an intermediate degree of substitution(DS) and reasonably high reaction efficiency(RE) are pH 8.5-9.0,50% starch by weight to water.succinic anhydride to starch 1/1(w/w),reaction time 4h,reaction temperature 30℃ .Under these conditions,the DS of 0.45 and RE of 28% were achieved.The addition of an adequate amount of crosslinking agent imparted starch succinate water absorbency.     

Replacement of plasma by high molecular weight substances

In the course of the development work, natural and synthetic polymers were examined to see whether they were suitable for use as plasma substitutes. The criteria of a plasma substitute are discussed in this connection. The most important of the base substances used at present (dextran, modified gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and hydroxyethyl starch) are described, and a typical example of proven therapeutic value is discussed for each type.     

Production of 13C Labelled Pea Flour for Use in Human Digestion and Fermentation Studies

Abstract

Stable isotope breath tests offer a new approach to the study of digestion and fermentation of carbohydrates in man. In this study, ¹³C labelled peas were grown by pulsing 250ml ¹³CO₂ into a sealed growth chamber. A second pulse was added to a portion of the peas to increase the ¹³C enrichment. This generated pea flour with an enrichment of 2.36 at.% excess (range 2.09–2.71 n = 3) and 8.64 atom % excess (range 7.37–9.78 n = 3) respectively. This represented incorporation of an absolute yield of 3.8% of the ¹³CO₂ into peas in the ‘once-labelled’ treatment and 7.5% in the ‘twice-labelled’ treatment. Ingestion of a mixture of the labelled pea flour (300 mg) by two volunteers generated measurable ¹³CO₂ excretion for breath test analysis. The profile of breath ¹³CO₂ enrichment increased to a maximum within three hours after consuming the pea flour followed by a decrease almost back to baseline by 13 hours. Breath ¹³CO₂ appeared to rise again after this apparent nadir at 13 hours until the end of the sampling period. Mathematical analysis of the data suggested that two peaks best described the profile of breath ¹³CO₂ up to 13 hours. A third peak was necessary to describe the late rise in breath ¹³CO₂ enrichment. This use of ¹³C enriched pea flour may provide a useful non invasive method for measurement of digestion and fermentation in vivo.     

Morphologies and properties of plasticized starch/polyamide compatibilized blends

A new sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) compatibilized glycerol-plasticized starch/polyamide PA11 blend having improved mechanical properties was realized in a one step extrusion process. Blends were prepared in internal mixer and twin screw extruder. Mechanical properties (stress and strain at break) are improved by adding 1 wt% of CMC. Rheological characterization and scanning electron microscopy show that a co-continuous morphology is observed on a wide range of TPS amount.     

Can dynamical mechanical measurements predict brittle fracture behaviour?

The uptake of water by low moisture cereal products can have detrimental effects on their texture, and cause loss of quality. Following the interest in developing techniques suitable for determining texture properties, there has also been a move towards identifying the origins of the observed changes. Although the origins of the hydration effects are not fully understood, dynamic rheology is believed to be a suitable technique for characterising mechanical properties, and for identifying the origins of the features observed after moisture pick-up. In a previous paper, the sensory crispness of white bread and of extruded flat bread were correlated with tan, through the increase in tan resulting from the increased hydration associated with loss of crispness. The present work shows that such a correlation does not exist with extruded starch-sugar samples. This means that tan data cannot be used to predict fracture properties like those covered by crispness. The information revealed by the results did, however, address various questions about the significance of tan. Indeed, the increase in tan with increasing hydration was shown to be particularly acute when the starch was mixed with sugar (sucrose or fructose). In order to interpret these results several hypotheses have been suggested, including increased heterogeneity of the systems, and sensitivity of tan to solute mobility or to localised motions of the matrix.     

Analytical SPLITT cell fractionation: Linearity and resolution study

In this paper the analytical SPLITT (split flow thin cell) procedure is used to characterize the percentage composition of micronic polydisperse particulate samples at a given cut‐off size. The linearity and resolution of the separation method have been tested using specifically prepared starch samples, in order to compare the analytical process with two continuous (preparative) SPLITT procedures. Linearity has been checked by injecting a series of suspensions (at different concentrations) under five different flow rate conditions. Retrieval factors F were evaluated to verify the relative amount of sample exiting the cell outlets. The effective resolution has been assessed by inspecting the SPLITT fractions with an optical microscope, counting the granules, and evaluating the percentage of granules of expected size. It has been found that the resolution is very good (around 90%) and independent of sample distribution. It is seen from the comparison that in the analytical SPLITT mode sample resolution is usually around 85–90% and it is significantly better than that of the continuous SPLITT modes, thus making the analytical mode valuable in characterizing polydisperse samples. The method was tested for the characterization of a commercial starch sample.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch after extraction of corn oil with ethanol

To develop a yeast strain that is able to produce ethanol directly from starch, α-amylase cDNA (originated from mouse salivary glands) was introduced into the hyploidSaccharomyces diastiticus cells secreting glucoamylase by using a linearized integrating vector. The integrating vector contains aLEU2 gene and the inside of theLEU2 gene was cut byKpnl to make the linearized vector. One of the transformants exhibited 100% mitotic stability after 100 generations of cell multiplication. To improve its ethanol-fermentability, the haploid transformant was rare-mated with a polyploid industrial strain having no amylase activity. The resulting hybrid RH51 produced 7.5 (w/v) ethanol directly from 20% (w/v) soluble starch and its mitotic stability was 100% at the end of fermentation.     

Isolation of starch branching enzyme I from potato using γ-cyclodextrin affinity chromatography

This study presents a novel, fast and easy method to isolate starch branching enzyme I (EC 2.4.1.18, SBE-I) from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. ‘Dianella') by γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) affinity chromatography of the supernatant obtained after polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation of the crude homogenate. SBE-I was specifically eluted by competition with free γ-CD. The resulting protein fraction was homogeneous, as analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained no contaminating hydrolytic activities, as monitored by activity staining using zymograms and specific assays for - and β-amylase. The overall purification was 296-fold and the yield was 38%.     

弯曲光纤针尖及其法向力压电探测技术

本文介绍一种弯曲光纤针尖及其法向力压电探测的新技术.与目前普遍采用的方法不同,弯曲针尖的制作是先利用电阻丝加热,将光纤弯曲成所需的角度,然后再在缓冲氢氟酸中腐蚀成针尖,得到曲率半径为300μm,弯曲角度为120°,长度为500μm的弯曲针尖.同激光或电弧熔拉、弯曲的方法相比,这种方法工艺简单,成本低廉.由弯曲针尖与蜂鸣器压电片组成的悬臂,利用压电片的正、逆压电效应实现弯曲针尖法向力的非光学法探测.实验表明,这种弯尖法向力的探测较直尖切变力具有更高灵敏度,探测距离提高了一倍以上,给实际应用带来很大的便利.