A study of early colour change due to simulated accelerated sunlight exposure in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

A detailed study of early colour change in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) due to accelerated simulated sunlight exposure was undertaken focusing on the first 24 h of change. Colour changes were monitored with a Datacolor check spectrophotometer and compared with a set of controls. Measurements on both samples and controls were performed hourly for the first 24 h and there after daily until 168 h’ exposure with extra measurements at 200, 350 and 500 h. A subset of samples was extracted prior to exposure to check the effects of any colour change due to the presence of extractives. Data was analysed using the reflectance spectra (400–700 nm) as well as the CIE-L^*a^*b^* system and ΔE. The majority of colour changes were found to occur within the first 24 h. This was unaffected by the removal of extractives from the wood and was independent of temperature. Mechanical properties and weight changes were also monitored to allow a comparison of sensitivity between the differing methods.     

水体红波段反射光谱对叶绿素浓度变化的响应

在不考虑叶绿素荧光效应的前提下,基于水体光学活性因子藻类叶绿素、有色可溶性有机物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收和后向散射系数,根据前向辐射传输模型模拟水面以上遥感反射率,分析了藻类叶绿素红光峰强度和波长位置随浓度的变化规律。结果发现：叶绿素浓度为1～50 μg·L-1时,红光峰强度和叶绿素浓度呈较好的线性关系,随叶绿素浓度的增加,线性关系越来越不明显。当叶绿素浓度为1～1 000 μg·L-1时,则呈现较好的对数关系;随叶绿素浓度的增加,红波段反射峰波长位置按对数规律逐渐向长波方向移动,不同水色组分的水体,其叶绿素在红波段的光谱反射特性随浓度的变化规律是一致的;此外,对比研究显示红波段反射峰特征不同于荧光光谱。     

典型重金属污染水体光谱特征分析———以广东省大宝山尾矿水为例

目前水体重金属遥感反演相关研究仍比较薄弱。自然界中重金属污染水体的光谱特征研究是重要的基础性工作,是将来实现卫星遥感反演时波段选择的重要理论依据,也是遥感反演模型所必须的基础参数。首先利用Analytical Spectral Devices（ASD）光谱仪,测量获得以大宝山尾矿水为例的典型重金属污染水体在两种水深和两种光照条件下的离水反射率光谱曲线,发现在600~700 nm（红波段）均有稳定的反射峰,然后进一步与自然界常见的两类水体（浑浊水体和富营养化水体）的反射峰位置进行对比,发现：以长湖水库石英砂厂附近为例的浑浊水体反射峰在550~700 nm（绿、红波段）,以北江韶关冶炼厂附近为例的富营养化水体反射峰在550~600 nm（绿波段）,3种水体的反射峰位置各异,说明该重金属污染水体反射率光谱与这两类水体具有很好的可分性。然后在测量水体反射率基础上,结合水质遥感模型和进行室内消光系数测量,反演得到大宝山尾矿水体的总散射系数和总吸收系数光谱,并进一步分离水分子吸收作用,最终得到水中成分的综合吸收系数光谱曲线,结果表明：在紫光波段吸收最强,在红光波段吸收最弱;具体表现为：从400 nm开始,吸收系数快速递减,在蓝绿光波段递减速度变缓,从黄光波段又开始快速递减,到676 nm达到极小值,然后又快速增强至750 nm,随后变化减缓。最后结合水样的水质化验结果,对该重金属污染水体的光谱成因进行分析,发现现场水色和水中成分的综合吸收系数光谱特征皆与作者前期研究测量获得的硫酸铁溶液颜色及其吸收系数光谱特征吻合,因此认为水中成分的光谱特征是由硫酸铁及其水解产物所引起。以上说明该重金属污染水体的光谱特征明显,反射峰和强吸收波长位置明确,这是将来利用卫星遥感手段反演水中重金属浓度的重要特征波段。该研究获得了以大宝山尾矿水为例的典型重金属污染水体反射率、消光系数、散射系数和吸收系数的光谱结果,为日后推广至其他种类重金属矿的尾矿水体及水中成分光学参数反演提供方法依据,也为将来利用卫星遥感技术对水中重金属浓度进行定量提取打下良好的理论基础。     

基于叶绿素荧光光谱和反射光谱的甜瓜种子品种鉴别

甜瓜的品种多样,富含多种营养成分,甜瓜种子品种不纯将对甜瓜生产造成一定危害,研究采用种子的叶绿素荧光光谱结合反射光谱的分析方法鉴别甜瓜种子品种,以甜瓜品种“一特白”、“一特金”、“京蜜7号”、“京蜜11号”、“伊丽莎白”为研究对象。构建了甜瓜种子品种鉴别光谱系统,包括激发光源单元、光谱数据采集单元和数据处理单元,使用该系统获取不同品种甜瓜种子的光谱数据。对光谱数据分别进行一阶导数(first derivative, FD),Savitzky-Golay(SG) 平滑,FD结合SG平滑预处理。采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)方法降低光谱数据的维数,提取主成分。使用两种不同分组方法将样品按照3∶1的比例分为训练集和验证集,并分别采用Fisher判别和Bayes判别分析方法建立甜瓜种子品种的判别模型。本文比较了仅使用叶绿素荧光光谱与使用叶绿素荧光光谱结合反射光谱建立判别模型的判别结果,结果显示,使用叶绿素荧光光谱结合反射光谱建模的判别结果优于仅使用叶绿素荧光光谱建模的判别结果,Fisher判别分析和Bayes判别分析的验证集样品品种的判别正确率均达到98.0%。研究结果表明,采用叶绿素荧光光谱结合反射光谱鉴别甜瓜种子品种具有可行性。     

海面甚薄油膜光谱响应研究与分析

海面甚薄油膜存在着特定的光谱响应,文章通过模拟海面甚薄油膜随其厚度的变化过程,研究其高光谱响应特征与产生机理.甚薄油膜随着厚度从大到小的逐渐变化,表现为六种目视特征:彩虹亮油膜、品色亮油膜、黄绿亮油膜、浅绿亮油膜、银色亮油膜与几乎不可见油膜.分析六种状态下海面甚薄油膜的光谱反射率表明:350～540 nm甚薄油膜的反射差异明显,甚至可以影响到440 nm处叶绿素的吸收峰;350～900 nm范围内,甚薄油膜的反射光谱普遍高于海水的反射光谱,但540～900 nm范围内缺乏明显的吸收反射特征;在近红外920～2 500 nm范围内没有明显的光谱响应.结合海面甚薄油膜光谱响应特征分析,指出海面甚薄油膜存在平行多光束干涉现象,入射到薄膜内的光由于多次反射和折射导致了海面可见光/近红外光谱反射率的增加,为海面甚薄油膜遥感探测提供了理论依据.     

退火温度对溅射铝膜结构与电性能的影响

 采用直流磁控溅射方法成功地制备了Al膜,研究了退火温度对Al膜表面形貌、晶体结构、应力、择优取向及反射率的影响。研究表明：不同退火温度的薄膜晶粒排布致密而光滑,均方根粗糙度小。XRD测试表明：不同温度退火的铝膜均成多晶状态,晶体结构为面心立方,退火温度升高到400 ℃时,Al膜的应力最小达0.78 GPa,薄膜平均晶粒尺寸由18.3 nm增加到25.9 nm;随着退火温度的升高,(200)晶面择优取向特性变好。薄膜紫外-红外反射率随着退火温度的升高而增大。     

Contours of constant Δ and Ψ in the ε2-ε4 plane for the ellipsometric functions

Contour graphs of ε₂ vs ε₄ for different film thicknesses and a range of angles of incidence have been plotted for the ellipsometric functions Δ and Ψ in both the reflection and transmission modes. In the case of reflection ellipsometry, when the plots for Δ_R and Ψ_R are superimposed, the two sets of contours cross nearly at right angles over a large part of the field, this being indicative of the high accuracy obtainable in using this technique to determine ε₄ and ε₂ and hence the optical constants, n and k, for the film material. The reflection ellipsometric technique is accurate over angles of incidence between 30° and 75° and for a range of film thicknesses between λ/30 and 5λ. Transmission ellipsometry is less useful, due to anomalies in both X_s and X_p where sudden phase changes of ±π occur in regions of interest. There is also the possibility of multiple solutions, although the use of a multiangle technique would enable the “correct” values to be more easily determined.     

超宽带增透膜新的设计法

在设计超宽带增透膜时提出一种新的设计方法,使用这种设计方法来设计在400 nm~1800nm波段内实现增透,同时将其设计结果与使用传统设计方法设计的结果相比较,发现在400nm~1 800 nm波段内使用这种新的设计方法可以将其反射率值控制在2%以下.这种方法解决了在设计超宽带增透膜时传统的设计方法不能解决的难题.     

Improved algorithm for image encryption based on stochastic geometric moiré and its application

A technique based on optical operations on moiré patterns for image encryption and decryption is developed. In this method, an image is encrypted by a stochastic geometric moiré pattern deformed according to the image reflectance map. The decryption is performed using pixel correlation algorithm in the encrypted image and the stochastic geometrical moiré pattern. The proposed technique has a number of advantages over existing encryption techniques based on moiré gratings. No original moiré grating can be reconstructed only from the encrypted image. Stochastic moiré grating can be deformed in any direction what is an important factor of encryption security. Finally, the quality of the decrypted image is much better compared to decryption methods based on the superposition of the regular and deformed moiré gratings. The proposed technique has a great potential, because the process is performed using computational algorithms based on optical operations and optical components are avoided.     

Shear induced periodic structure changes in concentrated alumina suspensions at constant shear rate monitored by FBRM

Concentrated aqueous suspensions of alumina as disperse phase show a particular non-Newtonian time dependent flow behavior. The apparent viscosity measured by means of a rotational viscometer with coaxial cylinders at constant shear rate oscillates with time. The period of the oscillations varies on a scale of several hundred seconds. It is assumed that this behavior is caused by shear induced self-organized structure changes. In order to detect structure changes during the shear process a particle analysis system based on the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technique was applied. We have found a significant correlation between the oscillations of the viscosity and alterations of the chord length distribution.