药物化学中的大分子效应※

药物种类按照分子量来划分可以分为小分子药物(自然提取或化学合成的)和大分子药物(生物制剂). 尽管目前小分子药物仍然是市场的主流, 但其研发增速趋缓, 而大分子药物在药物研发中的地位日渐突显, 并被预期在未来药物市场中占据越来越高的份额. 除了生物制剂大分子药物, 将小分子药物与天然或合成大分子结合制备得到的化学合成大分子药物, 近年来受到药物研究者们越来越多的关注. 由于大分子具有丰富的骨架结构及空间构架, 其所特有的骨架效应、多价效应, 以及通过分子组装而产生的聚集效应和靶向效应等, 能够为药物化学的设计带来更多新的可能. 有鉴于此, 本综述将简略介绍药物化学设计中的大分子效应, 重点讨论合成大分子的骨架效应、多价效应、聚集效应和靶向效应等为药物化学设计所带来的新性能. 通过对药物化学中大分子效应所带来的优势、问题和重要研究进展的探讨, 以期能够推动化学合成大分子药物的发展, 为药物化学设计提供新的思路.     

烯烃聚合催化剂的研究进展

获得高性能聚烯烃材料是化学家们不断的追求。烯烃聚合催化剂的结构对其催化性能有重要影响,而聚烯烃的改性则能够改善聚合物实际应用中表面形貌、本体性能中存在的缺陷,如通过改性可增加聚合物韧性、降低聚合物表面的摩擦系数或提升表面能等。 本文系统总结了金属烯烃聚合催化剂研究进展,包括Ziegler-Natta催化剂、茂金属催化剂、非茂金属催化剂的结构及调控策略,探讨了位阻效应、双金属协同效应以及其他效应对催化效果的影响。     

Muon Spin Rotation/Resonance (μSR) for Studying Radical Reactivity of Unsaturated Organophosphorus Compounds

The positive muon (μ⁺) can be regarded as a light isotope of proton and has been an important tool to study radical reactions of organic compounds. Recently, muons have been applied to produce short-lived paramagnetic species from the heavier unsaturated organic molecules including the p-block elements. This article overviews recent muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies on the phosphorus analogs of alkenes, anthracenes, and cyclobutane-1,3-diyls together with the fundamentals of μSR. The acyclic phosphaalkene of P=C and phosphasilenes of P=Si can accept muonium (Mu=[μ⁺e⁻]) at the heavier double bonds, and the corresponding radicals have been characterized. The phosphorus atom in 9-phosphaanthracene, whose P=C double bond is stabilized by the peri-substituted CF₃ groups, predominantly captures muonium to provide the corresponding paramagnetic fused heterocyclic system. The peri-trifluoromethyl groups are functional to promote the unprecedented light isotope effect of muon providing the planar three-cyclic molecular structure to consume the increased zero-point energy. The formally open-shell singlet 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl unit can accept muonium at the (ylidic) phosphorus or the skeletal radicalic carbon, and the corresponding paramagnetic phosphorus heterocycles can be characterized by μSR. The findings on these muoniation processes to the unsaturated phosphorus-containing compounds will contribute not only to development of novel paramagnetic functional species but also to progress on muon science.     

Tuning Deazaflavins Towards Highly Potent Reducing Photocatalysts Guided by Mechanistic Understanding – Enhancement of the Key Step by the Internal Heavy Atom Effect

Deazaflavins are well suited for reductive chemistry acting via a consecutive photo-induced electron transfer, in which their triplet state and semiquinone – the latter is formed from the former after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor – are key intermediates. Guided by mechanistic investigations aiming to increase intersystem crossing by the internal heavy atom effect and optimising the concentration conditions to avoid unproductive excited singlet reactions, we synthesised 5-aryldeazaflavins with Br or Cl substituents on different structural positions via a three-component reaction. Bromination of the deazaisoalloxazine core leads to almost 100 % triplet yield but causes photo-instability and enhances unproductive side reactions. Bromine on the 5-phenyl group in ortho position does not affect the photostability, increases the triplet yield, and allows its efficient usage in the photocatalytic dehalogenation of bromo- and chloroarenes with electron-donating methoxy and alkyl groups even under aerobic conditions. Reductive powers comparable to lithium are achieved.     

N-月桂酰基甲基丙氨酸钠三元复配体系的协同效应北大核心CSCD

将N‑月桂酰基甲基丙氨酸钠(SLMA)依次与月桂酰胺丙基甜菜碱(LAB)、烷基糖苷(APG1214)分别进行二元及三元复配,通过吊片法、稳态荧光探针法、动态光散射及稳态荧光猝灭法,对SLMA/LAB二元复配体系及SLMA/LAB/APG三元复配体系间的协同增效作用,以及溶液组成对其微极性、平均流体力学半径及胶束聚集数的影响进行了研究,并应用正规溶液理论计算二元及三元复配体系的相互作用参数。结果表明,SLMA/LAB二元复配体系及SLMA/LAB/APG三元复配体系均表现出全面增效的协同作用,其最佳物质的量比分别为n(SLMA)∶n(LAB)=3∶7,n(SLMA/LAB)∶n(APG1214)=3∶7,对应临界胶束浓度(CMC)分别为1.054×10^(−3)和1.595×10^(−4) mol/L,SLMA/LAB二元复配体系趋于形成分布集中的单一形态聚集体,且总体偏小;SLMA/LAB/APG三元复配体系的胶束大小比单一体系分布宽,且其胶束体积明显大于二元复配体系。两种复配体系所形成的胶束聚集数均小于单一体系,形成了更加紧密、稳定、较小的胶束结构。SLMA/LAB二元复配体系及SLMA/LAB/APG三元复配体系中表面活性剂分子间的相互作用力加快了稳定胶束的形成,胶束大小分布较宽,以球状及非球状胶束的形式存在,且复配体系形成了更加紧密的胶束结构。     

分散溶剂对PEMFC催化层中超薄Nafion离聚物质子传导的影响

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)商业化应用的瓶颈仍然是贵金属催化剂导致的成本问题。然而,目前对于催化层中纳米尺度全氟磺酸离聚物(以Nafion为代表)薄膜中质子传导的问题研究不足,无法完善三相界面的成型规律,进而指导催化层设计。在催化层浆料制备过程中,分散溶剂对Nafion的分散形态有直接影响,可能对催化层成型后附着在催化剂颗粒表面Nafion薄膜的微观结构有潜在影响,进而影响Nafion薄膜的质子传导能力。因此,在本文中利用分子自组装技术模拟催化层离聚物薄膜的聚集过程,于模型基底上制备厚度精确可控的纳米尺度Nafion薄膜,并通过微观测试表征技术探索并建立纳米尺度Nafion离聚物的微观结构模型,阐明分散溶剂对Nafion薄膜微观结构及质子传导的影响。研究发现Nafion薄膜在纳米尺度下的质子电导率比体相膜的质子电导率低一个数量级,使用介电常数较小的醇类溶剂可以使Nafion薄膜形成更有利于质子传导的微观结构,使Nafion薄膜的质子电导率得到提高。相关研究结果为优化PEMFC催化层结构,改善PEMFC催化层中质子传导问题提供给了依据。     

喹喔啉酮类JNK3抗肿瘤抑制剂的绿色合成——推荐一个综合化学实验

介绍了一个荧光光谱方面新的实验项目:以苝和六苯基噻咯作为发光物质的特征分子,通过测定其不同聚集状态下的荧光光谱,观察聚集荧光淬灭ACQ(aggregation-causedquenching)和聚集诱导发光AIE(aggregationinduced emission)两种不同的发光现象;利用晶体学数据库CCDC (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre)检索特征分子的晶体结构,从分子晶体结构层面分析AIE和ACQ发光现象产生的原因,在此基础上探讨不同发光机制和分子状态的关系。论文详细描述了实验的设计思想、实验内容和实验结论,并结合教学过程,分析了该实验在开阔学生视野、提高认知水平及培养科研素养等方面所取得的教学效果。     

纳米催化剂在CO_(2)加氢制甲醇中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

为减缓温室效应,将CO_(2)转换成高附加值的甲醇是减少CO_(2)排放的有效途径,而高效催化剂是CO_(2)加氢制甲醇反应规模化的关键.可调控合成的具有量子尺寸效应的纳米催化剂在该反应上具有独特的优势.因此我们深入探讨了反应机理,综述了纳米材料在CO_(2)加氢制甲醇中的研究进展,最后给出了高效催化剂可能的发展方向.     

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Silylated-salicylaldimine Co(II) and Pd(II) Complexes as Precatalysts in Ethylene Oligomerization

MWCNTs-Co(II) and Pd(II) were prepared through grafting silylated-salicylaldimine Pd(II) and Co(II) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) for ethylene oligomerization. The structures of the two MWCNTs-supported catalysts were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses(TGA) and nitrogen adsorption and desorption. And the influence of the supported pattern on the catalytic properties for ethylene oligomerization was investigated. The results revealed that the silylated-salicylaldimine complexes were grafted on the inner and outer surfaces of the carbon nanotubes and the pore size and BET surface area of MWCNTs decreased. Compared with the homogeneous catalysts, the two MWCNTs-supported catalysts had higher selectivity for hexene and 1-hexene in the presence of diethylaluminum chloride(DEAC) with a small molecule size due to confinement effect. MWCNTs-Pd exhi-bited higher activity and higher selectivity for C₈⁺ olefin compared to MWCNTs-Co due to electronic factors. The catalytic activities of MWCNTs-Pd and MWCNTs-Co decreased from 24.18×10⁵g·(mol Pd·h)^–1 and 20.57×10⁵g·(mol Co·h)^–1 to 19.79×10⁵g·(mol Pd·h)^–1 and 13.14×10⁵g·(mol Co·h)^–1 after the third recycle reaction, respectively.     

Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties

The distinct features of chlorophylls in photosynthesis have led to the formation of numerous derivatives for applications encompassing solar energy conversion, molecular photonics, photodynamic therapy, and molecular imaging. Synthetic chlorins created de novo and bearing a geminal dimethyl group in the reduced ring have proved invaluable for fundamental studies. Four decades of research have led to accumulation of tabulated spectra for > 400 such synthetic chlorins with distinct structural frameworks (17-oxochlorins, 13¹-oxophorbines, chlorinimides) and substituents (alkyl, aryl, ethynyl, phenylethynyl, acetyl, formyl) located at specific (meso, β) positions. In this review, spectral traces (324 absorption, 247 fluorescence) are assembled along with photophysical data including the molar absorption coefficient (ε), fluorescence quantum yield (Φ_f) and singlet excited-state lifetime (τ_s). The review uses the accumulated spectral data derived from chlorins all containing a uniform molecular scaffold to (1) highlight the effects of molecular structure on spectral features, and (2) identify trends including how ε, Φ_f and τ_s vary with wavelength and other features. Use of a common geminal-dimethyl-substituted chlorin scaffold – beginning with no substituents, to one substituent at designated sites, and to 2 or more substituents – provides a systematic Aufbau approach for understanding the absorption spectra of chlorins on a path to and beyond the native chlorophylls. The review provides insights concerning the rational design of potent analogues of Nature’s preeminent red-region absorbers for potential utilization in diverse applications and is aimed at multiple audiences: those interested in spectral properties, tetrapyrrole photophysics, and the molecular design of new chromophores.