Uncertainty functions, a compact way of summarising or specifying the behaviour of analytical systems

Analytical chemists can advantageously use an uncertainty function to describe the performance of an analytical system in terms of the standard uncertainty or standard deviation as a function of the concentration of the analyte. This “characteristic function” is useful for estimating uncertainty at a new concentration. A similar function can be used to prescribe the uncertainty that is regarded as fit for purpose for a particular application. This “fitness function” is useful in setting standards of accuracy in proficiency tests and similar exercises without revealing the concentration of the analyte. In combination, these two functions provide a rational basis for method selection.     

双反射镜式光电经纬仪测角误差的分析(轴系部分)

双反射镜式光电经纬仪由于采用了反射镜跟踪头,轴系误差对测角精度的影响不同于典型光电经纬仪。本文从建立经纬仪三维直角坐标系入手,建立了该类型经纬仪轴系误差引起测角误差的数学模型,为精度分析和误差修正提供了依据。     

环境监测仪器精密度及总不确定度初探

本文以日立１８０－８０原子吸收分光光度计为例进行了仪器精密度及总不确定度实验的初步探讨，同时作出了该仪器适用性的判断。     

Inverse colloidal crystal membranes for hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography

A collaborative study on the robustness and portability of a capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry method for peptide mapping was performed by an international team, consisting of 13 independent laboratories from academia and industry. All participants used the same batch of samples, reagents and coated capillaries to run their assays, whereas they utilized the capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry equipment available in their laboratories. The equipment used varied in model, type and instrument manufacturer. Furthermore, different types of sheath‐flow capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry interfaces were used. Migration time, peak height and peak area of ten representative target peptides of trypsin‐digested bovine serum albumin were determined by every laboratory on two consecutive days. The data were critically evaluated to identify outliers and final values for means, repeatability (precision within a laboratory) and reproducibility (precision between laboratories) were established. For relative migration time the repeatability was between 0.05 and 0.18% RSD and the reproducibility between 0.14 and 1.3% RSD. For relative peak area repeatability and reproducibility values obtained were 3–12 and 9–29% RSD, respectively. These results demonstrate that capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry is robust enough to allow a method transfer across multiple laboratories and should promote a more widespread use of peptide mapping and other capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry applications in biopharmaceutical analysis and related fields.     

液体密度测量实验改进的研究

利用电动音叉仪测量液体密度,分析原实验仪器存在的不足,对原实验装置做了改进。通过测量水的密度,结果显示改进后的实验仪器不但提高了测量的精确度,而且操作更快捷、方便。     

粗信息矩阵的数量特征

利用已给出粗信息矩阵及粗集的有关理论,提出并研究了粗信息矩阵的两个数量特征--粗牲度短阵及粗精度矩阵,给出了一系列性质及定理.     

Accurate measurements of peak variances: importance of this accuracy in the determination of the true corrected plate heights of chromatographic columns

The true efficiency of a column is derived from the differences between the variances of the peak profiles of the same compound recorded in the presence and the absence of the chromatographic column. These variances are usually derived using one of three methods: (1) the retention time of the peak apex and its half-height width; (2) the moments of the best fit between the experimental data and a hybrid response function, e.g., an exponentially convoluted Gaussian; or (3) the exact moments of the experimental band profiles. Comparisons of the results of these methods show that the first method is always inaccurate because all the band profiles recorded are strongly tailing. The peak fit method is accurate only for 4.6mm I.D. columns operated with instruments having low extra-column volume but fails for short narrow-bore columns due to the severe tailing of peaks passing through the complex channels of the extra-column volumes and to the inaccuracies in the fit of experimental data to the selected function. Although far better, the moment method may be inaccurate when the zero dead volume union used to measure the extra-column peak variances has a higher permeability than the column, causing the upstream part of the instrument to operate under comparatively low pressures.     

Enhancement of coping through blurring

When problem situations are imprecise, people use mental processes closer to coping than to exact, logical-deductive reasoning. We sketch new ways of explicating the process of coping. This leads to a broader definition of complexity than is generally used in computer science. We present at the essence of coping a normative model for shifting and changing focus of attention. To cope is to transform a complex situation into blurred representations that are simpler and less worrisome. The process of “thinking of” such shifts in problem-representation is also improved when the level of specificity and precision in the focus of attention varies.     

精度与程度的逻辑或近似算子的性质

本文目的是探讨精度与程度的复合,探索新的粗糙集拓展模型.从精度与程度的逻辑或运算出发,定义了精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型.在该模型中,通过变精度近似与程度近似的转化公式,研究了精度与程度的逻辑或近似算子,并得到了该近似算子的幂作用等性质.用精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型统一了变精度粗糙集模型、程度粗糙集模型和经典粗糙集模型,并在这些粗糙集模型中得到了近似算子幂作用的相应性质.     

A novel,simple and robust method for the analysis of sulfonamides in fish farming water samples using column switching liquid chromatography

A novel method for the online extraction and preconcentration of four sulfonamides was developed using column switching liquid chromatography. Sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine and sulfamethoxazole were analysed in water samples and preconcentrated in a C18 guard column. Suitable validation parameters were obtained, such as precision, accuracy and relative recovery, in accordance with the validation guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration. Low limits of detection (0.05–0.09 µg L^?1) and quantification (0.30 µg L^?1, for all of them) were obtained. The quadratic polynomial model was used to adjust the calibration data, and the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.999 for all the analytes. The method was shown to be robust to the assayed parameters according to Youden’s test. The proposed method was successfully used to determine sulfonamides in 11 different fish farming water samples, in which sulfadiazine (0.732 µg L^?1), sulfamethoxazole (0.531 µg L^?1), sulfathiazole (0.546–1.856 µg L^?1) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (0.369–1.509 µg L^?1) were found.