Contribution to static electrification of mineral oils and natural esters

A failure of an insulation system of a power transformer can result into an interruption of a power supply and subsequently to a large economic damage. In some cases, the malfunction is so serious that a transformer may explode and catch fire resulting in a direct threat to the life of the device operator. These devices rely on a combined insulation system oil-paper. The oil in a transformer not only impregnates the pressboard paper insulation, hence increases its electric breakdown strength, but also acts as a coolant of active parts of the device. During the cooling, the oil flows in the transformer tank around the core, windings and isolation barriers from hardened paper. At the interface of two dielectrics, the oil and the cellulose in the transformer, electrostatic charges appear. The charges of one polarity are carried in the oil, and the charges of the opposite polarity remain captured in the barrier that is formed by the internal structure of the transformer. The accruing of a certain amount of charge leads to discharges along the surface of the solid insulation and therefore to its partial damage. Ultimately, this can lead to the damage of the whole insulation system of the transformer by its breakdown. At present, the mineral oils are used as the main liquid insulating medium because of their good electrical insulating and cooling properties. On the other side, there is a high environmental burden for their operation and maintenance as well as the subsequent disposal of the discarded oil. The natural esters may be used as a replacement for the mineral oil. They go well with the environment, they are biodegradable and in case of the transformer malfunction, its disposal costs less money.This paper presents the results of the experiments of electrostatic charging of the mineral oils and natural esters and their comparison. The charging process in the transformer is modelled using a metal cylindrical container with a forced flow of oil using a controlled rotating circular disc from a hardened paper. The results indicate that increasing intensity of friction, increases the electrical charge, which is generated at the interface of the solid phase and the liquid. In these experiments two types of mineral oils were studied. For comparison, two types of natural esters (sunflower and colza oils) were selected and used in the same experiments. The charging of the oils was examined at various temperatures ranging from 25 °C up to 70 °C.     

半导体超晶格声子激光器的研究进展

太赫兹频率的相干声子在纳米尺度器件的探测和操控领域具有重要的应用价值。半导体超晶格声子激光器是实现太赫兹频率相干声子源稳定输出的重要途径。本文首先回顾了GHz到THz频率范围声学放大的多种方法,然后详细阐述了超晶格声子放大、超晶格声学布拉格镜的工作原理与设计方法以及声子激光器的阈值条件,同时总结了电抽运和光抽运结构器件的研究现状,最后简要讨论了亚太赫兹声子激光器在声-电子领域的应用。分析表明,这种能够产生强相干太赫兹声子的半导体超晶格声子激光器在纳米尺度器件的探测与成像等方面具有广阔的发展前景。     

生物阴极微生物燃料电池不同阴极材料产电特性

以葡萄糖(COD初始浓度为2000 mg/L, COD为化学需氧量)为阳极燃料底物, 考察了碳纤维刷和柱状活性碳颗粒作为生物阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)阴极材料的产电性能. 研究结果表明, 碳纤维刷MFC的启动时间比碳颗粒MFC的长, 达到稳定状态后的恒负载(300 Ω)电压(0.324 V)比碳颗粒阴极MFC的(0.581 V)低. 极化分析结果表明, 碳纤维刷MFC和碳颗粒MFC的最大功率密度分别为24.7 W/m3(117.2 A/m3)和50.3 W/m3(167.2 A/m3). 电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测定结果表明, 由于电极材料对微生物生长和分布状态存在不同的影响, 使得碳纤维刷阴极MFC的极化内阻大于碳颗粒阴极MFC的极化内阻.     

基于LabVIEW的便携式锚杆长度检测系统开发

基于LabVIEW软件平台开发了便携式锚杆长度检测系统。该系统包括一个带有信号激励接收功能的便携式工控机、探头和上层控制软件。首先通过软件设置硬件参数,TB-1000信号激励接收卡在探头上激励出超声导波信号并采集反射回波,经模拟滤波器处理后进入NIPCI-5102数据采集卡,将模拟信号转换为数字信号输入PC计算机。本系统软件可对激励接收卡设置激励信号参数,并具有对采集到的信号进行频域变换、希尔伯特变换、小波降噪、快速傅利叶变换(STFT)、扫频成像等处理功能。通过实验,证明了该软件系统具有较高的实时性和可操作性,较好地实现了锚杆长度的快速检测,扩大了超声导波在此领域的应用。     

摩擦材料应用方式对超声波电机驱动特性的影响

摩擦材料是超声波电机的关键零件,其应用方式直接影响超声波电机的驱动特性.以行波超声波电机为研究对象,将摩擦材料分别应用到转子和定子上,与相应的定子和转子组合,模拟超声波电机的接触方式,研究了超声波电机的负载和磨损特性随摩擦材料应用方式的变化规律.借助于阻抗仪测试了摩擦材料应用到定子齿面前后的阻抗特性,采用精密粗糙度仪和金相显微镜评价了超声波电机定子和转子接触界面磨损前后的形貌变化及其磨损模式.结果表明:当摩擦材料应用到定子齿面时,定子的谐振频率略微降低;当2台超声波电机空载转速相同时,摩擦材料应用到定子齿面与金属转子配副时可获得较大的堵转力矩,定子摩擦材料表面呈现抛光的磨损特征,而当摩擦材料应用到转子表面与金属定子配副时,转子摩擦材料表面呈现较严重的犁沟磨损.     

基于两次谱分析的时延估计方法研究

时延估计是目标定位跟踪系统的关键技术之一,在水声、雷达、声探测等领域广泛应用。时延估计的基本方法是互相关法和相位谱法。互相关法时延估计分辨率与信号带宽近似成反比,因此很难估计多目标时延。相位谱时延估计只能估计单目标时延,并且存在相位解绕问题。本文提出了两次谱分析时延估计方法,即将互功率谱函数再次进行谱估计,二次谱峰值位置间距即为时延估计,这种方法既能够估计单目标时延,又能够估计多目标时延,并且不用相位解绕。仿真计算验证了两次谱时延估计方法的可行性。     

凹面相控阵聚焦声场在液固界面上的反射和折射

开展了凹面线性相控阵列辐射声场在液固界面上的反射和折射特性研究,利用射线近似方法,得到了凹面相控阵聚焦声场在液固界面上反射和折射后的声场渐近解析表达式,对声波在液固曲面上的反射和折射声场进行了分析和讨论. 利用这个解析表达式,对凹面线性聚焦声场在液固平界面和液固圆柱界面情况下固体中折射纵波和折射横波的相控阵声场进行了分析和讨论,发现凹面线阵声场在液固圆柱界面下比液固平界面具有更好的聚焦效果. 关键词： 凹面阵列 超声相控阵 反射与折射     

天然冷源用于超市陈列柜系统的实现与评价

在先前研究的基础上,提出了在寒冷季节可利用室外冷空气实现冷藏的冷风柜系统。试验研究了引入室外冷空气的陈列柜系统与传统制冷陈列柜系统的性能对比,并研究了结合引入室外冷空气和运行制冷系统两种工作模式的冷风柜系统的全年运行电能消耗情况。实验结果表明了在引入室外冷空气运行模式下冷风柜具有较好的内风幕速度分布;其柜内的温度分布均匀,并且温度波动较小,完全满足超市制冷陈列柜的性能要求;冷风柜系统结合引入室外冷空气和运行制冷系统两种工作模式,在全年运行中的总电能消耗比传统陈列柜少12%(2030kW h),较大程度地节约了系统的能耗。     

环状光束通过透镜的聚焦特性研究

给出了环状光束在柱坐标系下的一种描述模型,并利用广义衍射积分理论,推导出环状光束经过近轴ABCD光学系统的传输公式.在此基础上,通过数值模拟方法定量分析了环状光束的聚焦光强分布以及焦面处的桶中功率.研究结果表明,环状光束的聚焦特性与光束阶数以及系统菲涅耳数有关;环状光束在实际焦面和几何焦面上的桶中功率均随着遮拦比的增大而降低,而随着系统菲涅耳数的增大而增大.在实际工作中,通过合理地选取系统菲涅耳数和光束遮拦比可以有效地控制环状光束聚焦后的光束质量.     

Theoretical analysis of gain characteristics of Dy-doped fiber amplifiers

The rate equations and power evolution equations of Dy³⁺-doped fiber amplifiers (DDFA) are proposed, and numerically analyzed. Based on the numerical analysis, several major characteristics of the fiber amplifier are calculated and compared with those of Pr³⁺-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA). The results show that DDFA can achieve better efficiency and wider gain bandwidth than PDFA.