Non-linear scission/recombination kinetics of living polymerization

Living polymers are formed by reversible association of primary units (unimers). Generally the chain statistical weight involves a factor σ < 1 suppressing short chains in comparison with free unimers. Living polymerization is a sharp thermodynamic transition for σ ≪ 1 which is typically the case. We show that this sharpness has an important effect on the kinetics of living polymerization (one-dimensional association). The kinetic model involves i) the unimer activation step (a transition to an assembly-competent state); ii) the scission/recombination processes providing growth of polymer chains and relaxation of their length distribution. Analyzing the polymerization with no chains but unimers at t = 0 , with initial concentration of unimers M ≳ M ^* (M^* is the critical polymerization concentration), we determine the time evolution of the chain length distribution and find that: 1) for M ^* ≪ M ≪ M ^*/σ the kinetics is characterized by 5 distinct time stages demarcated by 4 characteristic times t₁, t₂, t₃ and t^*; 2) there are transient regimes (t ₁ ≲ t ≲ t ₃) when the molecular-weight distribution is strongly non-exponential; 3) the chain scissions are negligible at times shorter than t₂. The chain growth is auto-accelerated for t ₁ ≲ t ≲ t ₂ : the cut-off chain length (= polymerization degree 〈n〉_w N ₁ ∝ t ² in this regime. 4) For t ₂ < t < t ₃ the length distribution is characterized by essentially 2 non-linear modes; the shorter cut-off length N₁ is decreasing with time in this regime, while the length scale N₂ of the second mode is increasing. (5) The terminal relaxation time of the polymer length distribution, t^*, shows a sharp maximum in the vicinity of M^*; the effective exponent is as high as ∼ σ^-1/3 just above M^*.     

Frequency combinations in the magnetoresistance oscillations spectrum of a linear chain of coupled orbits with a high scattering rate

The oscillatory magnetoresistance spectrum of the organic metal (BEDO)₅Ni(CN)₄. 3C₂H₄(OH)₂ has been studied up to 50 T, in the temperature range from 1.5 K to 4.2 K. In high magnetic field, its Fermi surface corresponds to a linear chain of quasi-two-dimensional orbits coupled by magnetic breakdown (MB). The scattering rate consistently deduced from the data relevant to the basic α and the MB-induced β orbits is very large which points to a significant reduction of the chemical potential oscillation. Despite of this feature, the oscillations spectrum exhibits many frequency combinations. Their effective masses and (or) Dingle temperature are not in agreement with either the predictions of the quantum interference model or the semiclassical model of Falicov and Stachowiak.     

Electrical conductivity,optical properties and mechanical stability of 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhidride based organic semiconductor

The 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) doped polymer films were prepared with Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers by solution-casting. The change in structure and chemical composition of samples was identified by XRD and FTIR respectively. The UV–visible spectroscopy demonstrates the optical characteristics and band gap properties of sample. The homogeneous morphology of sample for higher wt% of PTCDA was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrate the decrease in melting temperature (T_m) and degree of crystallinity (χ_c%) of polymeric organic semiconductor. The mechanical property demonstrates the high tensile strength and improved plasticity nature. Impedance spectroscopy was evaluated to determine the conductivity response of polymeric organic semiconductor. The highest DC conductivity (2.08×10⁻³ S/m) was obtained for 10 wt% of PTCDA at 140 °C. The decrease in activation energy (E_a) represents the non-Debye process and was evaluated from the slope of ln σ_dc vs. 10³/T plot.     

Lithium ion conduction and ion-polymer interaction in poly（vinyl pyrrolidone） based electrolytes blended with different plasticizers

Poly（ethylene oxide）, poly（vinyl pyrrolidone）（PEO/PVP）, lithium perchlorate salt（Li Cl O4） and different plasticizer based, gel polymer electrolytes were prepared by the solvent casting technique. XRD results show that the crystallinity decreases with the addition of different plasticizers. Consequently, there is an enhancement in the amorphousity of the samples responsible for the process of ion transport. FTIR spectroscopy is used to characterize the structure of the polymer and confirms the complexation of plasticizer with host polymer matrix. The ionic conductivity has been calculated using the bulk impedance obtained through impedance spectroscopy. Among the various plasticizers, the ethylene carbonate（EC） based complex exhibits a maximum ionic conductivity value of the order of2.7279 10 4S cm 1. Thermal stability of the prepared electrolyte films shows that they can be used in batteries at elevated temperatures. PEO（72%）/PVP（8%）/Li Cl O4（8%）/EC（12%） has the maximum ionic conductivity value which is supported by the lowest optical band gap and lowest intensity in photoluminescence spectroscopy near 400–450 nm. Two and three dimensional topographic images of the sample having a maximum ionic conductivity show the presence of micropores.     

Selenophene‐Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole Based Conjugated Polymers for Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors

The development of selenophene‐flanked DPP (SeDPP) based copolymers, especially for the ambipolar ones, lags behind other aromatic group flanked DPP‐based polymers. Herein, we report two new ambipolar SeDPP‐based conjugated polymers. One is the alternating polymer PSeDPPFT with normal SeDPP and 3,4‐difluorothiophene units. The other is PSeFDFT , in which the electron acceptor unit is replaced by a new SeDPP derivative, referred as to half‐fused SeDPP. The more planar structure of half‐fused SeDPP endows the backbone of PSeFDFT with good rigidity and planarity. Both polymers exhibit ambipolar transporting properties in air. The PSeFDFT based field‐effect transistors (FETs) display higher and more balanced ambipolar properties with μ_h^ave of 0.27 cm²·V^–1·s^–1, μ_e^ave of 0.18 cm²·V^–1·s^–1, and μ_h^ave/μ_e^ave of 1.5 than those of PSeDPPFT (μ_h^ave = 0.11 cm²·V^–1·s^–1, μ_e^ave = 0.042 cm²·V^–1·s^–1, and μ_h/μ_e = 2.6). This is attributed to the more planar structure, lower LUMO level, higher HOMO level, and better interchain packing orientations of PSeFDFT by comparing with PSeDPPFT . Therefore, a new molecular design strategy to modulate the hole and electron transporting properties is proposed for conjugated D‐A polymers.     

Progress in hydrogels for sensing applications: a review

There are several developments taking place in the field of sensors driven by the world today requirements. One of the most important novelties of the last two decades in the field is represented by the hydrogel-based sensors which constitute a wide family of innovative smart sensing devices relevant for many different applications. Hydrogels in fact are hydrophilic, biocompatible and highly water swellable polymer networks able to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy, with the great peculiarity to be able to respond to external stimuli. These characteristics have ensured them considerable recognition as valuable tool for smart sensing and diagnostics. The aim of this review is to focus on the advances obtained in the field in the last ten years.     

Raman Optical Activity (ROA) as a New Tool to Elucidate the Helical Structure of Poly(phenylacetylene)s

Poly(phenylacetylene)s are a family of helical polymers constituted by conjugated double bonds. Raman spectra of these polymers show a structural fingerprint of the polyene backbone which, in combination with its helical orientation, makes them good candidates to be studied by Raman optical activity (ROA). Four different well‐known poly(phenylacetylene)s adopting different scaffolds and ten different helical senses have been prepared. Raman and ROA spectra were recorded and allowed to establish ROA‐spectrum/helical‐sense relationships: a left/right‐handed orientation of the polyene backbone (M_helix/P_helix) produces a triplet of positive/negative ROA bands. Raman and ROA spectra of each polymer exhibited the same profile, and the sign of the ROA spectrum was opposite to the lowest‐energy electronic circular dichroism (ECD) band, indicating a resonance effect. Resonance ROA appears then as an indicator of the helical sense of poly(phenylacetylene)s, especially for those with an extra Cotton band in the ECD spectrum, where a wrong helical sense is assigned based on ECD, while ROA alerts of this misassignment.     

Determination of P-Cresol (and Other Phenolics) Using a Conducting Polymer Based Electro-Immunological Sensing System

Abstract

Antibodies to a p-cresol bovine serum albumin conjugate have been produced and incorporated into a conducting polymer to form an electro-immunological sensing system. Using flow injection analysis and pulsed electrochemical detection sensitive, reproducible and rapid responses to p-cresol and other phenolics can be obtained. The sensor is reusable.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Fluorescent Properties of Three One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers Derived from Polypyridyl Ligands

Three one‐dimensional coordination polymers, [MnCl₂(4‐pyterpy)]&#8729;2CHCl₃ ( 1 ), [Mn(NO₃)₂(4‐pyterpy)]&#8729;CHCl₃ ( 2 ) and [Ag(NO₃)(3‐pyterpy)]&#8729;H₂O ( 3 ) (4‐pyterpy = 4′‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine and 3‐pyterpy = 4′‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. All three compounds exhibit a rare “head‐to‐tail” coordination of the multidentate ligand, but differ significantly in their polymer chain conformations. Additionally, the fluorescent properties of all three compounds were investigated and show a weak, ligand‐centered fluorescence at 416–418 nm.