Comparison of the RANS and PDF methods for air-particle flows

Two simulation methods, namely Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, and Probability Distribution Function (PDF) are currently widely used for the modeling of multiphase flows. These two approaches are supplemented with appropriate closure equations that take into account all the pertinent forces and interaction effects on the solid particles, such as: particle–turbulence interactions; turbulence modulation; particle–particle interactions; particle–wall interactions; gravitation, drag and lift forces. The two methods have been used in order to simulate the turbulent particulate flow in upward pipes. The flow domain in all cases was a cylindrical pipe and the computations were carried for upward pipe flow. Monodisperse as well as polydisperse mixtures of particles have been considered. In general, the average velocity results obtained from the two methods are in close agreement, because the methods predict well the average velocity distribution of the carrier fluid as well as the solids. Thus, the differences in the average axial velocities predicted by the methods are not substantial. Differences in the turbulence intensity are more significant. A comparison of the numerical results obtained shows the relative importance of retaining the diffusion terms in both the axial and radial directions in the RANS method. Also the comparisons of the results show the relative effect of the lift forces in the distribution of solid particles.     

Microstructural stability of NiO-containing spin valves annealed at room temperature

Microstructure of NiO-containing Co/Cu/Co spin valves (CCC-SV) annealed at room temperature for nearly four years has been studied by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. With the annealing time expanding, the thickness of each sub-layer remains nearly unchanged while the interface roughness varies obviously compared with that of samples without annealing. The roughness at the interface of NiO/Co decreases with the annealing time increasing for both of the samples with NiO layer on the top (TSV) and under the bottom (BSV) of CCC-SV. On the other hand, the roughness at Co/Cu interface increases with the annealing time expanding for BSV while it decreases for TSV. These results indicate that the structure of TSV is more stable than that of BSV.

     

Cardiovascular Mechanics: Investigation of Two Components,Tissue Heart Valves and Blood Cells

A fundamental anatomical composition of the heart valves is presented along with its relationship to the tissue mechanical behavior. During the loading and unloading phases of the tissue different stress strain pathways are followed with the curves composing the characteristic hysteresis loop, exhibiting the viscoelastic mechanical behavior of valvular tissue. The storage modulus and the phase shift (tan ) as well as the collagen modulus of human heart valves were measured in orthotropic directions using uniaxial dynamic tensile tests at 10 Hz. Viscoelastic properties of human erythrocytes are presented as calculated from micropipette aspiration experiments. Employing the hemorheometre, from filtration experiments an index of rigidity (IR) of erythrocytes is estimated. A relationship between the global parameter IR and the shear elastic modulus of erythrocyte membrane, , is established. The same two techniques adapted for leukocytes and their subpopulations have been used and a relationship between the rigidity index of leukocytes (ILR) and their apparent bulk viscosity (_app), has been found.     

有限长密绕矩形螺线管的自感系数

用磁场能量法得出计算自感系数的一般公式.通过直接积分得到了有限长密绕矩形螺线管自感系数的精确表达式,并对结果进行了图示和讨论.     

流体静高压原位磁测量的误差研究（二）──退磁场的影响

 为了探讨流体静高压原位磁测量中退磁场的影响有多大？分别选用6种不同片数（n＝1、3、5、7、10、13）的非晶Fe_46.3Co_0.03Ni_46.5Si_3.75V_0.92B_2.5合金薄带样品，先后放进13层密绕直螺线管初级线圈内，采用工业频率400 Hz去测量和比较其磁化曲线、磁导率曲线和起始磁化曲线。研究表明：（1）样品片数越多，退磁场的影响越大，导致μ_m和μ_i出现惊人的测量误差，以1片（μ_m＝4 430，μ_i＝3 396）为最准。（2）随着样品片数的增多，测量饱和磁感应强度B_s＝0.837～0.762T，表明受退磁场影响较小。（3）若要减小退磁场误差，可将样品做得更薄，如0.2 μm薄膜。（4）若要彻底消除退磁场误差，必须采用闭合磁路，如用非晶合金薄带卷成的圆环。     

Ordered group invariants for nonorientable one-dimensional generalized solenoids

Let be an edge-wrapping rule which presents a one-dimensional generalized solenoid , and let be the adjacency matrix of . When is a wedge of circles and leaves the unique branch point fixed, we show that the stationary dimension group of is an invariant of homeomorphism of even if is not orientable.

     

双向聚焦电磁铁摇摆器磁场的数值模拟

 应用磁矢量势公式导出了螺线圈绕组的磁场计算公式，应用标量磁势并对电磁铁作局部均匀磁化近似，给出了电磁铁摇摆器磁场的积分方程式和相应的耦合系数。通过求解积分方程得到了摇摆器磁场的空间分布及摇摆器两端非均匀区的磁场分布。本方法可以为双向聚焦电磁铁摇摆器的设计提供参考数据。     

冲击法测螺线管磁场系统误差分析

本文从实验出发，对冲击法测螺线管磁场系统误差来源进行研究和分析，近而给出改进措施和办法。     

The 4th concept detector

The 4th concept detector consists of four detector subsystems, a small-pixel vertex detector, a high-resolution TPC, a new multiple-readout fiber calorimeter and a new dual-solenoid iron-free muon system. We discuss the design of a comprehensive facility that measures and identifies all partons of the standard model, including hadronic W → jj and Z → jj decays, with high precision and high efficiency. We emphasis here the calorimeter and muon systems.      

Investigations of pipe-diffusion-based dislocation climb by discrete dislocation dynamics

A new numerical dislocation climb model based on incorporating the pipe diffusion theory (PDT) of vacancies with 3D discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) is developed. In this model we hold that the climb rate of dislocations is determined by the gradient of the vacancy concentration on the segment, but not by the mechanical climb force as traditionally believed. The nodal forces on discrete dislocation segments in DDD simulation are transferred to PDT to calculate the vacancy concentration gradient. This transfer establishes a bridge connecting the DDD and PDT. The model is highly efficient and accurate. As verifications, two typical climb-involved examples are predicted, e.g. the activation of a Bardeen-Herring source as well as the shrinkage and annihilation of prismatic loops. Finally, the model is applied to study the breakup process of an infinite edge dislocation dipole into prismatic loops. This coupling methodology provides us a useful tool to intensively study the evolution of dislocation microstructures at high temperatures.