On the effect of heat on the chemical composition and dimensions of thermally-modified wood

Heat-induced weight loss (WL) and chemical and dimensional changes of small specimens of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) wood were examined after thermal modification in the 190-245 °C temperature range. Treated specimens exhibited reductions in their oven-dry weight in line with the severity of the treatment, with the effect of increasing the temperature of exposure being greater than extending the period of treatment. Wood polysaccharides were found to be distinctly more labile than the lignin constituent; the latter increased possibly as a result of repolymerisation reactions trapping some degradation products in the process. Specimens shrank in the transversal plane in a tangential to radial ratio of 2:1 regardless of the treatment regime, while their length increased marginally for WL < 10-12%. It is proposed that the thermal modification leaves the cell wall material in a permanent strained state.     

Photodegradation and weathering effects on timber surface moisture profiles as studied using dynamic vapour sorption

The moisture sorption kinetic profiles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) earlywood and latewood were studied using a Dynamic Vapour Sorption apparatus and the equilibrium isotherms determined. The samples were chosen to give an insight to the effects that photodegradation and weathering have on the moisture behaviour of the surface layers of timber. Samples were subjected to indoor and outdoor exposure regimes. Significant differences were found between the sorption isotherms of exposed and unexposed wood, as well as with the sorption kinetics profiles. The reasons for these differences are discussed.     

松材线虫危害下马尾松光谱特征与估测模型研究

松材线虫病又叫松树枯萎病,是由于松材线虫寄生在松树上引起的毁灭性死亡病害,其发病速度快、传播迅速、防治难度大。如何识别松材线虫害并对其程度进行估测,对我国森林资源及生态环境保护具有重要意义。研究表明,马尾松叶绿素、水含量会随着虫害程度的加深逐渐减少,不同虫害程度的马尾松光谱反射率呈现较大差异,因此光谱分析技术在虫害程度估测方面具有独特优势。针对不同虫害程度的马尾松样本,研究了其光谱特征参数的变化规律,以实测光谱特征参数为自变量,样本虫害程度量化值为因变量,利用线性回归方程构建了虫害程度估测模型。该研究在光谱特征指标选择和估测模型方法上作了有价值的探索,对评估松材线虫病害有一定的指导意义,可为相关研究及当地精准农业提供科学支持和应用参考。首先针对不同虫害程度的马尾松样本,研究其在绿光、红光及近红外波段内的光谱反射率变化规律,构建指示样本虫害程度的六个光谱特征参数：绿峰反射率(RGP)、绿峰位置(GPP)、红谷反射率(FRB)、红谷位置(RBP)、红边斜率(RES)、红边位置(REP),分析光谱特征参数与虫害程度的相关性。然后构建虫害程度估测模型,其步骤可描述为：(1)计算健康、轻度、中度、重度四种不同虫害程度下的样本光谱特征参数RGP,FRB和RES;(2)量化健康、轻度、中度、重度四种样本虫害程度值;(3)以实测光谱特征参数为自变量,样本虫害程度量化值为因变量,利用线性回归方程构建虫害程度估测模型。实验中选取重庆市涪陵区永胜林场、冒合寨工区的马尾松林为研究对象,随机选取健康、染病、完全枯死的马尾松植株进行监测。数据采集过程中使用ASD野外光谱分析仪FieldSepc4,采集波段范围为从可见光400 nm到近红外波段1 100 nm处,分辨率为1 nm。共采集了70条马尾松植株的有效光谱数据,根据不同虫害程度,将其划分为健康、轻度、中度、重度和枯死五种类型,并利用Matlab软件进行处理分析,得到其光谱反射率曲线。选择涵盖绿光区(510～580 nm)、红光区(620～680 nm)和近红外区(680～780 nm)三个波段,计算各个波段的光谱特征参数,构建虫害程度估测模型。实验结果表明：(1)针对枯死样本,其“绿峰”和“红谷”特征消失,红边陡峭上升趋势被拉平。其他几种类型样本光谱特征参数RGP,FRB和RES与虫害程度呈负相关,虫害程度越深,其光谱特征参数值越小,即健康(RGP)>轻度(RGP)>中度(RGP)>重度(RGP),健康(FRB)>轻度(FRB)>中度(FRB)＞重度(FRB),健康(RES)>轻度(RES)>中度(RES)>重度(RES)。(2)随着虫害程度加深,光谱特征参数GPP向长波方向移动,即存在“红移”现象,而光谱特征参数RBP和REP向短波方向移动,即存在“蓝移”现象。(3)与一元线性估测模型相比,二元线性估测模型具有较大的相关系数R2,较小的估计误差E以及残差。实验中对两棵马尾松样本虫害程度进行估测,二元线性估测模型的结果为PD=2.990 7和PD=3.679,与实际情况相符。在后续研究中将对1 100~2 500 nm波段特征进行相关性分析。     

离子注入对黑松花粉粒细胞核的损伤效应

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术和碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术对经过离子注入后的黑松花粉粒内细胞核的直接损伤效应进行了观察鉴定。 研究结果表明, 离子注入后可以直接损伤细胞核结构, 导致细胞核裂解。 细胞核的损伤程度与注入离子的剂量密切相关, 即细胞核DNA分子的损伤程度随着注入离子剂量的增加而提高。 The damage of pollen nuclei of Pinus thunbergii induced directly by ion implantation were measured by the laser confocal microscopy technique and the single cell gel electrophoresis test. The results showed that ion implantation caused the nuclei structure to be damaged, leading to the nuclei degradation. The results of statistical analysis showed that the damage grade of nuclei was very correlative with the ion dosage. The damage degree of DNA in the nuclei at the level of single cells was increased with the increase of the ion implantation dose.     

Impact of Altitudinal Variation on the Phytochemical Profile,Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Pinus Species

Active components from natural sources are the current focus in most pharmacological research to provide new therapeutic agents for clinical use. Essential oils from the Pinus species have been traditionally used in medicine. This study aimed to investigate the chemical profile of two Pinus species, Pinus halepensis L. and Pinus pinea Mill, from different altitudes in Libya and study the effect of environmental conditions on the biological activities of essential oils. A clevenger apparatus was used to prepare the essential oils by hydrodistillation. Analyses were done using GC/MS. Anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities were tested against the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Different chemical profiles were observed among all tested essential oils, and terpenes were the most dominant class. All studied essential oils from the Pinus species exhibited a remarkable anthelmintic activity compared to the standard piperazine citrate drug. Pinus halepensis from both altitudes showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, while Pinus pinea was effective against only Escherichia coli. From these findings, one can conclude that there are variations between studied species. The essential oil compositions are affected by environmental factors, which consequently affect the anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity.     

广西产马尾松与湿地松针叶精油化学成分的比较

用水蒸气蒸馏法从广西产马尾松和湿地松的针叶中提取精油,探索了松针投料量和提取时间对产油率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为：松针投料量700 g,提取时间5 h。在此最佳条件下马尾松和湿地松针叶的产油率分别为0.45%和0.19%。用气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）等方法分别对两树种的针叶精油进行了定量和定性分析,从马尾松针叶精油中分离出64种化学成分,鉴定了其中的20种成分,占挥发油总量的98.59%;从湿地松针叶精油中分离出73种化学成分,鉴定了其中的29种成分,占挥发油总量的94.23%。两树种针叶精油的主要化学成分大致相同,但在含量上有较大差别。马尾松针叶精油中α-蒎烯的含量约为湿地松的2.6倍,但其β-蒎烯含量低于后者。单萜和倍半萜是构成马尾松和湿地松针叶精油的主要成分。     

Pico·Tag方法测定油松花粉中的氨基酸含量

An improved reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)method is describedfor determination of amino acids in pollen of Pinus tabulaeformis.All 17 kinds of amino acids are derivatizedwith phenylisothiocyanate(PITC)and then separated on a Pico· Tag column in 12 minutes.This method israpid,sensitive,accurate and reproducible.     

Cytotoxicity Effect of Constituents of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata Twigs on B16-F10 Melanoma Cells

Pinus taiwanensis Hayata (Pinaceae) is an endemic plant in Taiwan. According to the Chinese Materia Medica Grand Dictionary, the Pinus species is mainly used to relieve pain, and eliminate pus and toxicity. In this study, nineteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of the ethanolic extract of P. taiwanensis Hayata twigs using bioassay-guided fractionation, and their anti-melanoma effects were investigated through a B16-F10 mouse melanoma cell model. The structures of the purified compounds were identified by 2D-NMR, MS, and IR, including 1 triterpenoid, 9 diterpenoids, 2 lignans, 4 phenolics, 1 phenylpropanoid, 1 flavonoid, and 1 steroid. Among them, compound 3 was found to be a new diterpene. Some of the compounds (2, 5, 6, 17, 18) showed moderate cytotoxicity effects. On the other hand, the anti-melanoma effect was no better than that from the original ethyl acetate layer. We presumed it resulted from the synergistic effect, although further experimentation needs to be performed.     

主成分分析用于浙贝母中无机元素含量的研究

采用原子吸收光谱（AAS）法测定了10个浙贝母样品中12种无机元素的含量,建立浙贝母无机元素指纹图谱,并用SPSS13．0方差分析和主成分分析对浙贝母中的微量元素进行了分析。结果表明,浙贝母的特征无机元素是Cd,Cu,Pb,Mg,Cr,Fe,Zn。可见主成分分析法是浙贝母无机元素分析的有效方法。