Toward a Raman/FORS discrimination between Art Nouveau and contemporary stained glasses from CdSxSe1 − x nanoparticles signatures

CdS_xSe_{1 − x} quantum dots received considerable attention in academic studies and as cut‐off filters and indirect‐gap semiconductors. These later compounds have also been used for artistic purposes to produce colored glass since the 1920s thanks to their bright colors. Because non‐invasive conditions are now mandatory when considering objects belonging to the cultural heritage, the use of Raman and fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy has been identified as potential ones to obtain information about the nanostructure of six samples of historical glass produced between the late 1920s and modern days. The average elemental composition of the nanocrystals has been deduced processing both optical and vibrational data, and the result arising has been compared taking into account the several factors affecting the experimental results. The diffusion of zinc inside the nanocrystals has also been questioned by the shift caused on the CdS‐ and CdSe‐like phonon band wavenumber and on the absorption edge wavelength. An investigation of the size distribution and crystallinity of CdS_xSe_{1 − x} nanoparticles has been also performed considering those parameters that are mainly influenced by the disorder of the system, such as the extent of the Urbach tail and the Raman bandwidth. Thanks to the results obtained, discrimination between the more recent glass and the older Art Nouveau ones has been verified, leading to the identification of a useful analytical protocol for conservation purposes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石墨烯玻璃透明薄膜加热特性

Graphene has become a research focus in recent years owing to its excellent characteristics, and glass is a commonly used material with high transparency and low cost. Graphene glass combines the excellent properties of both graphene and glass; graphene glass has not only high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, and good surface hydrophobicity but also exhibits superior electrothermal conversion and wide-spectrum high-light-transmittance characteristics. Therefore, the study of graphene glass films is of theoretical value and practical significance. In this study, a high-purity glass-based (JGS1 quartz glass) multilayer graphene film was developed based on an atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method, and its electrical characteristics, light transmittance, and electrical heating characteristics were experimentally investigated in detail. The results show that graphene glass with different surface resistance values obtained through direct growth on a high-purity quartz glass substrate using the APCVD method, not only has excellent uniformity and quality, but also has considerably flat and high transmittance across the entire visible light region and exhibits excellent heating performance and fast response time. For graphene glass with a surface resistance of 1500 Ω·sq^-1, the light transmittance can reach 74%, and the saturation temperature can rise to 185 ℃ by applying a bias voltage of 40 V. In addition, when the resistance value of the graphene glass is 420 Ω·sq^-1, the graphene glass reaches a high saturation temperature of 325 ℃ in 40 s, and the corresponding heating rate can exceed 18 ℃·s^-1, achieving a significantly higher heating rate than other heating films at the same voltage. Compared with the polyethylene-terephthalate- (PET-) based and silicon-based graphene films obtained by the transfer, graphene glass has a higher saturation temperature, shorter thermal response time, and faster heating rate. Furthermore, graphene glass exhibits better heating cycle stability and longer-term heating stability at a constant voltage. In addition, an experiment using the graphene glass to thermally tune the wavelength of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser was conducted and gave good results. The position of the laser peak controlled by the graphene glass was red-shifted by 1.78 nm by applying a voltage of 20 V, and the wavelength tuning efficiency reached 0.059 nm·℃^-1. Compared with PET-based and silicon-based graphene films, the actual electrical heating capacity of graphene glass increased by 195%. These experimental findings demonstrate that graphene glass transparent films with excellent electric heating characteristics can be used in various transparent electric heating fields and have relatively wide application prospects.     

石墨烯纤维材料的化学气相沉积生长方法

石墨烯纤维材料是以石墨烯为主要结构基元沿某一特定方向组装而成或由石墨烯包覆纤维状基元形成的宏观一维材料。根据组成基元的不同可将石墨烯纤维材料分为石墨烯纤维和石墨烯包覆复合纤维。石墨烯纤维材料在一维方向上充分发挥了石墨烯高强度、高导电、高导热等特点,在智能纤维与织物、柔性储能器件、便携式电子器件等领域具有广阔的应用前景。随着化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD)制备石墨烯薄膜技术的发展,CVD技术也逐渐应用于石墨烯纤维材料的制备。利用CVD法制备石墨烯纤维可避免传统纺丝工艺中繁琐的氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)还原过程。同时,通过CVD法直接将石墨烯沉积至纤维表面可以保证石墨烯与纤维基底之间强的粘附作用,提高复合纤维的稳定性,同时可实现对石墨烯质量的有效调控。本文综述了石墨烯纤维材料的CVD制备方法,石墨烯纤维材料优异的力学、电学、光学性质及其在智能传感、光电器件、柔性电极等领域的应用,并展望了CVD法制备石墨烯纤维材料未来的发展方向。     

Tendon-bone junction healing by injectable bioactive thermo-sensitive hydrogel based on inspiration of tendon-derived stem cells

The rotator cuff repaired construct must establish a contiguous and functioning tendon-bone junction to provide adequate stability. However, fibrocartilage deficiency and bone loss were hardly reversed after physical suture, especially in chronic rotator cuff tears. In this study, we synthesized an injectable methylcellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone-based thermo-sensitive hydrogel, which delivered kartogenin-loaded mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles. Physicochemical studies the revealed phase transition temperatures of 35 °C and its ability to induce chondrogenesis and osteogenesis differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells. Furthermore, experiments in rabbit chronic rotator cuff tears model confirmed the fibrocartilage and bone layer regenerative capability of the injected bioactive hydrogel, which could, in turn, support the ultimate tensile stress of the repaired rotator cuff. The bioactive agents-loaded hydrogel reported in this study is a valuable addition to the arsenal of biomaterials in applications to chronic tendon-bone junction injuries.     

Influences of Sr2+ Doping on Microstructure,Giant Dielectric Behavior,and Non-Ohmic Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12/CaTiO3 Ceramic Composites

The microstructure, dielectric response, and nonlinear current-voltage properties of Sr²⁺-doped CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂/CaTiO₃ (CCTO/CTO) ceramic composites, which were prepared by a solid-state reaction method using a single step from the starting nominal composition of CCTO/CTO/xSrO, were investigated. The CCTO and CTO phases were detected in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The lattice parameter increased with increasing Sr²⁺ doping concentration. The phase compositions of CCTO and CTO were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with elemental mapping in the sintered ceramics. It can be confirmed that most of the Sr²⁺ ions substituted into the CTO phase, while some minor portion substituted into the CCTO phase. Furthermore, small segregation of Cu-rich was observed along the grain boundaries. The dielectric permittivity of the CCTO/CTO composite slightly decreased by doping with Sr²⁺, while the loss tangent was greatly reduced. Furthermore, the dielectric properties in a high-temperature range of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites can be improved. Interestingly, the nonlinear electrical properties of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites were significantly enhanced. The improved dielectric and nonlinear electrical properties of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites were explained by the enhancement of the electrical properties of the internal interfaces.     

Small-scale fracture toughness of ceramic thin films: the effects of specimen geometry,ion beam notching and high temperature on chromium nitride toughness evaluation

For the implementation of thin ceramic hard coatings into intensive application environments, the fracture toughness is a particularly important material design parameter. Characterisation of the fracture toughness of small-scale specimens has been a topic of great debate, due to size effects, plasticity, residual stress effects and the influence of ion penetration from the sample fabrication process. In this work, several different small-scale fracture toughness geometries (single-beam cantilever, double-beam cantilever and micro-pillar splitting) were compared, fabricated from a thin physical vapour-deposited ceramic film using a focused ion beam source, and then the effect of the gallium-milled notch on mode I toughness quantification investigated. It was found that notching using a focused gallium source influences small-scale toughness measurements and can lead to an overestimation of the fracture toughness values for chromium nitride (CrN) thin films. The effects of gallium ion irradiation were further studied by performing the first small-scale high-temperature toughness measurements within the scanning electron microscope, with the consequence that annealing at high temperatures allows for diffusion of the gallium to grain boundaries promoting embrittlement in small-scale CrN samples. This work highlights the sensitivity of some materials to gallium ion penetration effects, and the profound effect that it can have on fracture toughness evaluation.     

动态加载过程中石英玻璃诱导水的快速结晶相变

在气炮加载试验中利用弹载光源原位测试技术,观测了夹于石英玻璃之间的水在动态压缩过程中的透光特性. 通过其光透射特性研究了水的冲击相变. 实验结果发现液态水在动态冲击压缩过程中, 其压力低于2 GPa 就出现透明性变差的现象,而且水的透明性下降与石英玻璃的存在有关,是一种石英诱导水的结晶相变现象.     

On the Nano/Micro-Mechanics of Metallic Glass

Metallic glass (MG) is amorphous and has some outstanding properties such as ultrahigh strength, superior elasticity, and excellent thermo-plasticity. However, as MG is relatively new to the metal family, the relationship between its physical properties and amorphous structure is still unclear. This article aims to provide an insightful discussion through a comprehensive review about the investigations in the past few decades on the scientific mechanisms of this class of material. The discussion of the paper will include the following key aspects: (1) the formation mechanism of an amorphous structure through glass transition, (2) the structural characterization and models, (3) the micromechanics of plastic event and shear band, and (4) the correlation between the amorphous structure and its mechanical properties.     

定向回归反射玻璃微珠折射率研究

从理论上分析了玻璃微珠定向回归反射原理,利用近轴光线球面折射理论分析了玻璃微珠实现回归反射的折射率,并结合实际使用情况,在最大可能增加回归反射的基础上,讨论了入射光线到主光轴的距离与回归光线和入射光线夹角之间的关系,从而确定出了实现最大反射时玻璃微珠的折射率范围为1.80~1.95,研究结果对回归反射标志牌的开发具有重要的理论意义。