Surface profile inspection of a moving object by using dual-frequency Fourier transform profilometry

The 2π phase ambiguity caused by surface isolations and large height step can be solved by dual-frequency projection grating profilometry. However, in the Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) of a moving object, only one single deformed fringe pattern can be obtained. In order to introduce the dual-frequency technique into the FTP of moving object, a novel experimental system is designed to capture two fringe patterns with different frequency at the same time. A grating structure comprising two regions with different frequencies is projected upon the surface of the detected object. Two line-scan CCD cameras are used to capture the surface images encoded by the two kinds of patterns, respectively. By getting the corresponding image intensity at the same point of the object surface in the two acquired images, the dual-frequency technique is applied to extract the real phase without phase ambiguity. The surface profile of a specimen with a large height step is measured to prove the feasibility of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can solve the 2π phase ambiguity problem successfully in the surface profile inspection of a moving object.     

Phase formation and magnetic properties of Nd2Fe14B-type Nd16Co76B8−xCx alloys and their hydrides

An attempt is made to synthesize Nd₂Co₁₄C compound by mechanical alloying Nd₁₆Co₇₆B_8−xC_x (0x8) alloys and subsequent annealing. Phase formation and magnetic properties of Nd₂Fe₁₄B-type Nd₁₆Co₇₆B_8−xC_x alloys and their hydrides are investigated. The Nd₂Co₁₄(B,C) phase with Nd₂Fe₁₄B-type structure is formed for Nd₁₆Co₇₆B_8−xC_x (0x7) alloys, while NdCo₇C_δ phase with TbCu₇-type structure is observed in Nd₁₆Co₇₆C₈ alloy. The lattice parameter c of the Nd₂Co₁₄(B,C) phase decreases with increasing the carbon content. A limit volume of the unit cell to form the Nd₂Fe₁₄B-type structure is estimated to be 0.870 nm³. The spin-reorientation temperature T_SR increases with increasing the carbon content, due to an enhancement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy caused by carbon substitution for boron. After hydrogenation, the lattice expansion is observed for Nd₁₆Co₇₆B_8−xC_x (0x7) alloys. The spin-reorientation temperature of Nd₁₆Co₇₆B_8−xC_xH_y (0x7) is much lower than that of the host alloys. Some structural and magnetic properties of hypothetic Nd₂Co₁₄C and Nd₂Co₁₄CH_y compounds are estimated by extrapolation.     

Nonlinear image encryption using a fully phase nonzero-order joint transform correlator in the Gyrator domain

A novel nonlinear image encryption scheme based on a fully phase nonzero-order joint transform correlator architecture (JTC) in the Gyrator domain (GD) is proposed. In this encryption scheme, the two non-overlapping data distributions of the input plane of the JTC are fully encoded in phase and this input plane is transformed using the Gyrator transform (GT); the intensity distribution captured in the GD represents a new definition of the joint Gyrator power distribution (JGPD). The JGPD is modified by two nonlinear operations with the purpose of retrieving the encrypted image, with enhancement of the decrypted signal quality and improvement of the overall security. There are three keys used in the encryption scheme, two random phase masks and the rotation angle of the GT, which are all necessary for a proper decryption. Decryption is highly sensitivity to changes of the rotation angle of the GT as well as to little changes in other parameters or keys. The proposed encryption scheme in the GD still preserves the shift-invariance properties originated in the JTC-based encryption in the Fourier domain. The proposed encryption scheme is more resistant to brute force attacks, chosen-plaintext attacks, known-plaintext attacks, and ciphertext-only attacks, as they have been introduced in the cryptanalysis of the JTC-based encryption system. Numerical results are presented and discussed in order to verify and analyze the feasibility and validity of the novel encryption–decryption scheme.     

Optical image conversion and encryption by diffraction,phase retrieval algorithm and incoherent superposition

In this paper, an optical encryption system is proposed based on tricolor principle, Fresnel diffraction, and phase iterative algorithms. Different from the traditional encryption system, the encrypted image of this system is a color image and the plaintext of it is a gray image, which can achieve the combination of a color image and a gray image and the conversion of one image to another image. Phase masks can be generated by using the phase iterative algorithms in this paper. The six phase masks and the six diffracting distances are all essential keys in the process of decryption, which can greatly enhance the system security. Numerical simulations are shown to prove the possibility and safety of the method.     

Application of robust color composite fringe in flip-chip solder bump 3-D measurement

This study developed a 3-D measurement system based on flip-chip solder bump, used fringes with different modulation intensities in color channels, in order to produce color composite fringe with robustness, and proposed a multi-channel composite phase unwrapping algorithm, which uses fringe modulation weights of different channels to recombine the phase information for better measurement accuracy and stability. The experimental results showed that the average measurement accuracy is 0.43μm and the standard deviation is 1.38 µm. The results thus proved that the proposed 3-D measurement system is effective in measuring a plane with a height of 50 μm. In the flip-chip solder bump measuring experiment, different fringe modulation configurations were tested to overcome the problem of reflective coefficient between the flip-chip base board and the solder bump. The proposed system has a good measurement results and robust stability in the solder bump measurement, and can be used for the measurement of 3-D information for micron flip-chip solder bump application.     

MCeO3：Eu^3＋（M=Sr，Ba）的合成及发光性质研究

利用高温固相反应法合成了Eu^3＋掺杂的MCeO3（M=Sr，Ba）发光粉末样品，采用X射线衍射技术和荧光光谱等测试手段分别对其物相组成和发光性质进行了研究。X射线衍射结果显示，Eu^3＋离子容易替代MCeO3晶格中M^2＋离子的位置。荧光光谱测试结果表明，Eu^3＋掺杂的SrCeO3和BaCeO3样品在紫外波段存在着非常宽的吸收带，峰值分别位于311和320nm左右，它们属于Ce^4＋-O^2-的电荷迁移带，SrCeO3和BaCeO3基质与Eu^3＋离子之间存在着能量转移。在MCeO3：Eu^3＋样品中，Eu^3＋的发射主要来自于^5D0激发态能级，其中以磁偶极跃迁^5D0-^7F1发射强度为最大；此外样品中还存在着较高的^5D1激发态能级的辐射跃迁。SrCe03：EU^3＋样品的发射强度远大于BaCeO3：EU^3＋样品。     

径向剪切干涉法综合诊断光束质量研究

 为了解决高功率激光装置光束质量诊断系统的自验证问题,研究了基于空间相位调制的径向剪切干涉法综合诊断光束质量的实验应用。该方法理论上只需一台干涉仪且从单幅干涉图中获取光束的近场、相位和远场分布信息。实验结果表明,目前可以得到高分辨率的相位分布,由测量近场和相位恢复出的远场同CCD直接测量得到的远场形态相同,环围能量比曲线相当吻合,不足之处在于只能提取近场较低空间频率成分,还达不到CCD直接测量的空间分辨水平。     

Reconstruction of a random phase dynamics network from observations

We consider networks of coupled phase oscillators of different complexity: Kuramoto–Daido-type networks, generalized Winfree networks, and hypernetworks with triple interactions. For these setups an inverse problem of reconstruction of the network connections and of the coupling function from the observations of the phase dynamics is addressed. We show how a reconstruction based on the minimization of the squared error can be implemented in all these cases. Examples include random networks with full disorder both in the connections and in the coupling functions, as well as networks where the coupling functions are taken from experimental data of electrochemical oscillators. The method can be directly applied to asynchronous dynamics of units, while in the case of synchrony, additional phase resettings are necessary for reconstruction.     

The separation of out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components by fringe carrier method based on large image-shearing ESPI

A fringe carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large image-shearing electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented. If the test object is respectively illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations in large image-shearing ESPI, two interferometers are formed. Carrier fringe patterns can be introduced by tilting reference surface a small angle. The carrier fringe patterns are demodulated after deformation of the object. Two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacement, can be obtained by using Fourier transform. Then out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by simple operation between two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of spatial carrier frequency modulation in large image-shearing ESPI is discussed. A typical three-point-bending experiment is completed. Experimental results are offered. The results show that the method offers high visibility of carrier fringes. And the system presented does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Deposition and properties of high-carbon iron films

Thin high-carbon iron films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition onto grids for transmission electron microscopy using pre-combined carbon/iron targets with equal area ratio. The deposited films of about 20 nm in thickness were directly characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The films showed a variety of phases, surprisingly also including the NaCl-type FeC phase, which was theoretically predicted in the literature. For comparison, thin high-carbon stainless-steel films were deposited onto oxidized Si wafers with different carbon ratios in the targets (10, 20, 40 and 50 at.%). These films were characterized by means of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, the magneto-optical Kerr-effect, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. With these methods clearly defined multilayer-structures were observed which could lead to interesting magneto-resistance phenomena if the thickness of the multilayers can be controlled by the processing parameters.