Pepsin‐modified chiral monolithic column for affinity capillary electrochromatography

Pepsin‐modified affinity monolithic capillary electrochromatography, a novel microanalysis system, was developed by the covalent bonding of pepsin on silica monolith. The column was successfully applied in the chiral separation of (±)‐nefopam. Furthermore, the electrochromatographic performance of the pepsin‐functionalized monolith for enantiomeric analysis was evaluated in terms of protein content, pH of running buffer, sample volume, buffer concentration, applied voltage, and capillary temperature. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) values of retention time (intraday <0.53, n = 10; interday <0.53, n = 10; column‐to‐column <0.70, n = 20; and batch‐to‐batch <0.80, n = 20) indicated satisfactory stability of these columns. No appreciable change was observed in retention and resolution for chiral recognition of (±)‐nefopam in 50 days with 100 injections. The proteolytic activity of this stationary phase was further characterized with bovine serum albumin as substrate for online protein digestion. As for monolithic immobilized enzyme reactor, successive protein injections confirmed both the operational stability and ability to reuse the bioreactor for at least 20 digestions. It implied that the affinity monolith used in this research opens a new path of exploring particularly versatile class of enzymes to develop enzyme‐modified affinity capillary monolith for enantioseparation.     

Effects of Nonpolar Solvents on the Solubilization of Pepsin into Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sodium Sulfosuccinate and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Reverse Micelles

Solubilization of pepsin by bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) reverse micelles has been studied at 20C. Isooctane, cyclohexane and hexane were used as solvents, and n-butanol, amyl alcohol and hexanol were used as cosurfactants for CTAB. AOT concentrations were varied from 50 to 500 mM and pepsin concentrations were varied from 2 to 10 mg-mL^–1. At 250 mM, AOT can solubilize more than 85% of the Pepsin in each solvent. The effect of aqueous-phase pH on the solubilization of Pepsin has been studied from pH 1 to 8. The maximum solubilization of pepsin was observed below the isoelectric point (pI = 1.5) of the protein at pH 1.0 with 300 mM of AOT. The CTAB solutions were prepared by dissolving CTAB in isooctane with varying concentrations (0–100% v/v) of n-butanol, amyl alcohol or hexanol cosurfactants. It was found that 5% cosurfactant with 100 mM of CTAB was sufficient to solubilize more than 90% of the total pepsin. Pepsin solubilization by AOT reverse micelles increases with increasing polarizability and molar volume of the solvents.     

Pepsin immobilized in dextran-modified fused-silica capillaries for on-line protein digestion and peptide mapping

On-line digestion of proteins under acidic conditions was studied using micro-reactors consisting of dextran-modified fused-silica capillaries with covalently immobilized pepsin. The proteins used in this study differed in molecular weight, isoelectric point and sample composition. The injected protein samples were completely digested in 3 min and the digest was analyzed with micro-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The different proteins present in the samples could be identified with a Mascot database search on the basis of auto-MS/MS data. It proved also to be possible to digest and analyze protein mixtures with a sequence coverage of 55% and 97% for the haemoglobin β- and α-chain, respectively, and 35-55% for the various casein variants. Protease auto-digestion, sample carry-over and loss of signal due to adsorption of the injected proteins were not observed. The backpressure of the reactor is low which makes coupling to systems such as Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensors, which do not tolerate too high pressure, possible. The reactor was stable for at least 40 days when used continuously.     

胃蛋白酶对CdTe纳米粒子的表面修饰及分析应用

以巯基乙酸为稳定剂和表面修饰剂, 在有机相中合成了平均粒径为3 nm左右的CdTe纳米粒子, 用胃蛋白酶改变纳米粒子的表面修饰状态并研究其系列特性. CdTe纳米粒子在320 nm处有强的紫外吸收, 在524.8 nm处有荧光发射. 经胃蛋白酶对其表面修饰后, 紫外吸收峰位不变, 但吸光强度升高, 荧光峰位蓝移至467.2 nm, 荧光强度降低. 温度、pH值及离子强度均对表面修饰产生影响. 在最佳实验条件下, 胃蛋白酶质量浓度在4—40 mg/L范围内与荧光降低值之间呈线性关系, 检测限(3σ)为0.28 mg/L(n=10), 该方法已被用于人体胃液胃蛋白酶的测定.     

两性离子化合物对胃蛋白酶活性的影响

酶是自然界重要的生命活性物质,其结构和性质容易受到外部环境的影响,提高及保持酶活性是当今研究的热点之一。本文以胃蛋白酶为模型,研究了两性离子化合物甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC)、甲基丙烯酸磺酸基甜菜碱酯(SBMA)、甲基丙烯酸羧基甜菜碱酯(CBMA)对胃蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,在60℃条件下经过2h,添加CBMA的胃蛋白酶活性是对照样的453%,60℃条件下6h后仍为对照样的胃蛋白酶活性的330%。CBMA可显著提高胃蛋白酶活性。     

碳酸钙结晶对胃蛋白酶二级结构的影响

本文通过傅里叶变换红外光谱及退卷积、曲线拟合等技术研究了碳酸钙结晶对胃蛋白酶二级结构的影响 ,结果表明 :在纯的胃蛋白酶中 ,α 螺旋、 β 折叠、转角及无规卷曲等四种结构的含量分别为2 4 38% ,2 9 91% ,39 2 2 % ,6 4 9% ;而在CaCO3 胃蛋白酶溶液中 ,四种结构的含量分别为 2 0 9% ,93 30 4 % ,4 6 0 %和 0 0 0 6 %。由此可以看出 :碳酸钙晶体的形成使胃蛋白酶的α 螺旋结构减少 ,β 折叠结构增多 ,本文讨论了这种变化的本质。     

Proteolytic Preparation of a Heme Binding Fragment from Sperm Whale Myoglobin: Micro-Myoglobin

Summary.  Clostripain digestion of sperm whale apomyoglobin does not yield a heme binding fragment, contrary to horse heart apomyoglobin, from which mini-myoglobin has been obtained by this approach. However, in pepsin digests of sperm whale apomyoglobin we identified two fragments closely corresponding to the polypeptide encoded by the central exon of the myoglobin gene. One of these fragments consisting of 77 amino acid residues was purified. Spectroscopic data indicate that it has heme binding properties. Received October 28, 1999. Accepted November 23, 1999     

多光谱法和分子对接模拟法研究黄腐酸与胃蛋白酶的相互作用

利用荧光光谱、 同步荧光光谱、 三维荧光光谱、 紫外-可见吸收光谱、 傅里叶变换红外光谱和圆二色光谱以及分子对接模拟方法研究了黄腐酸(FA)与胃蛋白酶(PEP)之间的相互作用. 荧光光谱分析表明, FA-PEP荧光猝灭的类型为静态猝灭. 根据Stern-Volmer方程和静态猝灭双对数公式计算得到猝灭常数K_sv和结合位点数n. 根据Vant’t Hoff方程计算得到热力学常数ΔH=-59.86 kJ/mol, ΔS=-98.13 J·mol ^-1·K ^-1, ΔG=-30.62 kJ/mol(298 K). 热力学分析表明, 氢键和范德华力是PEP与FA之间的主要结合力, 其反应为自发过程. 根据F?rster非辐射能量转移理论, 计算得到PEP和FA之间的结合距离为2.436 nm, 表明在FA与PEP之间发生了非辐射能量转移. 三维荧光光谱分析表明, 在FA存在下PEP的肽链骨架结构发生了改变. 此外, 紫外-可见吸收光谱、 同步荧光光谱和红外光谱结果表明, FA使PEP的二级构象发生变化. 分子对接模拟结果表明, FA引起PEP荧光猝灭的结合作用力不仅有氢键和范德华力, 还有疏水作用力.     

荧光光谱法和分子对接模拟技术研究白藜芦醇与胃蛋白酶的相互作用

白藜芦醇（Resveratrol, RES）属于非黄酮类多酚化合物,存在于葡萄科、百合科等多种植物体内,是一种具有多种生物活性和药理作用的天然活性物质,被广泛应用于食品和药品领域。研究表明多酚在生物体消化吸收过程中,会与消化酶（如胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶等）相互作用,使多酚类物质和消化酶的生物活性发生改变,进而影响多酚物质和其他营养物质的消化吸收,而RES与胃蛋白酶(Pepsin, PEP)的分子间相互作用机制未见报道。采用荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱和分子对接模拟等技术研究不同温度下RES与PEP相互作用的结合特性,为阐明RES和PEP的作用机制提供重要信息,同时为RES在食品和药品领域的应用提供理论参考。荧光光谱实验结果表明,PEP的荧光强度随着RES浓度的增加呈现出有规律的降低,表明RES对PEP有荧光猝灭作用。加入RES前后,PEP的紫外吸收光谱发生明显变化,初步判断RES与PEP的相互作用属于静态荧光猝灭类型;根据Stern-Volmer方程计算得到不同温度下最小猝灭速率常数K_q值远大于猝灭剂对生物大分子的最大扩散碰撞常数2.0×1010 L·mol-1·s-1,且猝灭常数(K_SV)与温度呈负相关关系,进一步验证了RES与PEP静态荧光猝灭类型结论。化学计量结合的值数目大约等于1,表明一个RES分子只能结合一个PEP分子。根据Van’t Hoff 方程以及热力学方程计算得到结果显示,ΔG＜0,说明RES与PEP的结合过程可以自发进行;ΔH＜0和ΔS＜0,表明RES与PEP之间结合作用力类型主要是氢键和范德华力。RES与PEP相互作用的同步荧光光谱和三维荧光光谱图表明,在RES的作用下,PEP的构象和微环境发生变化,色氨酸或酪氨酸残基所处微环境极性增强,疏水性减弱,蛋白构象变得疏松。红外光谱显示RES能使PEP的二级结构中α螺旋含量降低,β折叠含量增加,β转角和无规则卷曲变化不明显,这可能会影响PEP的活性。分子对接模拟实验结果显示RES与PEP中的残基Asp-32,Gly-34,Ser-35,Asn-37,Tyr-75,Gly-76,Thr-77,Ile-128,Ala-130及Gly-217有范德华力作用,与残基Ile-128及Asp-215产生超共轭效应,与残基Ser-36,Asn-37,Ile-128及Thr-218形成氢键,各种作用力使RES与PEP形成较稳定的复合物。