Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of passive layer cracking under static tensile stresses

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy allows the examination of corrosion susceptibility and resistance for different construction materials, in particular the determination of the properties of their passive films. This technique makes possible the analysis of electrochemical processes in time domain, including rapid phenomena such as changes in the properties of passive films, but it has never been used for passive layer cracking examination. In many cases, fracture of the passive film under tensile stresses leads to stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, investigations of passive layer cracking on austenitic stainless steels under tensile stresses facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking in these common engineering materials. The effect of static tensile stresses on the passive film cracking behaviour of type 304L stainless steel immersed in 0.5 M NaCl solution at room temperature has been investigated. This paper presents the impedance spectra obtained for 304L stainless steel samples at different potential values.Contribution to the 3rd Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry, Gdansk-Sobieszewo, Poland, 23–26 April 2003Dedicated to the memory of Harry B. Mark, Jr. (28 February 1934–3 March 2003)     

Self-propulsion of flapping bodies in viscous fluids: Recent advances and perspectives

Flapping-powered propulsion is used by many animals to locomote through air or water. Here we review recent experimental and numerical studies on self-propelled mechanical systems powered by a flapping motion. These studies improve our understanding of the mutual interaction between actively flapping bodies and surrounding fluids. The results obtained in these works provide not only new insights into biolocomotion but also useful information for the bio-mimetic design of artificial flyers and swimmers.     

基于阿秒抖动光纤锁模激光器的时钟同步

光纤锁模激光器结构简单, 运转稳定, 且输出的超短脉冲序列具有极高的时钟稳定性, 在抽运探测、脉冲相干合成等要求高精度时钟同步的前沿领域有着广阔的应用前景. 本文通过激光器腔内的电光调制器进行反馈控制, 实现了两台光纤锁模激光器之间的紧密时钟信号同步; 并且通过平衡光学互相关方法, 对残余的时钟误差信号进行了测量, 分辨率达到了13 as. 通过优化激光器的腔内动力学过程及反馈环路的参数, 在[1 Hz, 10 MHz]的积分区间内得到了109 as的残余时钟误差, 对应单台激光器的平均时间抖动为77 as.     

不同浓度比的硫酸根和氯离子溶液中钝化膜的半导体特性转变机制研究

800合金作为核电站蒸汽发生器的一种关键材料,服役环境下其表面钝化膜的特性一直是人们研究的热点.本文用Mott-Schottky方法研究了800合金在不同硫酸根离子和氯离子浓度比的溶液中钝化膜的半导体特性,并结合电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)研究了钝化膜的耐蚀性和表面活性.Mott-Schottky结果表明,800合金表面钝化膜的半导体特性与溶液中硫酸根、氯离子的浓度比有关,随硫酸根与氯离子浓度比的降低,半导体特性发生转变.当硫酸根与氯离子的浓度比较高时,钝化膜为p型半导体;而当硫酸根与氯离子的浓度比较低时,钝化膜为n型半导体.EIS、SECM、SEM结果表明,随浓度比的降低钝化膜由过钝化溶解转为明显的点蚀特征,钝化膜表面活性增加.钝化膜特性的改变与其半导体类型的转变密切相关,而半导体特性的转变由氯离子、硫酸根离子在800合金钝化膜表面的竞争吸附所致,其在表面的竞争吸附直接影响钝化膜表面发生的化学反应,改变电极/溶液界面电势差,使钝化膜中的空位类型改变,最终决定半导体类型.     

Trends in the use of passive sampling for monitoring polar pesticides in water

The presence of polar pesticides in environmental waters is a growing problem. After application their migration into the aqueous phase is promoted by their high water solubility. Transport processes are usually complex and inputs are generally stochastic; this makes monitoring of this class of pesticides challenging using low volume spot samples of water. Recently there has been a trend to use passive samplers to monitor pesticides in river catchments as it is an in-situ time integrative sampling technique. The three main types of device used for this purpose are, Chemcatcher®, POCIS and o-DGT. This article reviews the fate and current state-of-the-art for monitoring polar pesticides in aqueous matrices. Principles and the theory of passive sampling and strategies for passive sampler design and operation are presented. Advances in the application of passive sampling devices for measuring polar pesticides are extensively critiqued; future trends in their use are also discussed.     

How a moving passive observer can perceive its environment ? The Unruh effect revisited

We consider a point-like observer that moves in a medium illuminated by noise sources with Lorentz-invariant spectrum. We show that the autocorrelation function of the signal recorded by the observer allows it to perceive its environment. More precisely, we consider an observer with constant acceleration (along a Rindler trajectory) and we exploit the recent work on the emergence of the Green’s function from the cross correlation of signals transmitted by noise sources. First we recover the result that the signal recorded by the observer has a constant Wigner transform, i.e. a constant local spectrum, when the medium is homogeneous (this is the classical analogue of the Unruh effect). We complete that result by showing that the Rindler trajectory is the only straight-line trajectory that satisfies this property. We also show that, in the presence of an obstacle in the form of an infinite perfect mirror, the Wigner transform is perturbed when the observer comes into the neighborhood of the obstacle. The perturbation makes it possible for the observer to determine its position relative to the obstacle once the entire trajectory has been traversed.     

Passive vibration absorber effect on the machining surface quality of a flexible workpiece

This paper presents a study of the vibratory behaviour of a flexible workpiece subject to a milling end operation. Indeed, this vibratory behaviour is critical, especially when the excitation frequency is near to the resonance. For this reason, passive vibration suppression is considered in order to attenuate the dynamic response of the milled workpiece and decrease the dynamic effect on the resulting machined surface roughness and flatness. In order to confirm the efficiency of the passive vibration suppression, the vibratory behaviour and the quality (roughness and flatness) of a machined surface are studied without and with passive absorber (TMD) using a finite-element model.     

Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: a review

The current state-of-the-art of passive sampling and/or extraction methods for long-term monitoring of pollutants in different environmental compartments is discussed in this review. Passive dosimeters that have been successfully used to monitor organic and inorganic contaminants in air, water, sediments, and soil are presented. The application of new approaches to the determination of pollutants at the sampling stage is discussed. The main milestones in the development of passive techniques for sampling and/or extraction of analytes, and in biomonitors used in environmental analysis, are summarized in this review. Passive samplers and biomonitors are compared.     

铜在碱性溶液中阳极过程的研究

用慢电势扫描和恒电流法研究铜在浓碱中的阳极过程,并用角分辨X射线光电子能谱测试了铜表面二次钝化膜。结果表明,该膜由内层Cu₂O和外层CuO-Cu(OH)₂组成,越靠近膜的表面,CuO/Cu(OH)₂含量比越小,吸附水越多。据此提出成膜的电化学氧化-表面转化历程。     

双极性半导体钝化膜空间电荷电容分析(II)

将双极性半导体钝化膜空间电荷电容等效为钝化膜/溶液界面处电容和内层钝化膜/外层钝化膜界面处的np结电容的串联, 根据前期研究建立的半导体富集态、耗尽态以及反型态空间电荷电容的统一计算公式, 给出了双极性钝化膜Mott-Schottky(M-S)曲线的非线性拟合方法. 并将这一方法应用于镍基合金G3高温高压H2S/CO2腐蚀后的钝化膜半导体特征研究. M-S曲线非线性拟合结果显示, 温度升高外层p型半导体钝化膜多数载流子浓度明显增高, 而内层n型半导体钝化膜的多数载流子浓度基本未变. 通过非线性拟合, 证明本文所给出的M-S曲线非线性拟合方法能够同时给出钝化膜内外层多个半导体性质参数,为揭示钝化膜形成及破坏机制提供更多信息. 结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析, 讨论了钝化膜结构变化机制及np结在抑制腐蚀过程中的作用.