Rapid method for simultaneous determination of flavonoid,saponins and polyacetylenes in Folium Ginseng and Radix Ginseng by pressurized liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry

A rapid pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD–MS) method for the simultaneous determination of one flavonoid (panasenoside), nine saponins (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd) and two polyacetylenes (panaxydol and panaxynol) in Folium Ginseng and Radix Ginseng was developed. A Prevail C₁₈ rocket column (33 mm × 7 mm, 3.0 μm) and gradient elution were used during the analysis. Flavonoid was quantified at 355 nm, and saponins and polyacetylenes were determined at 203 nm. The chromatographic peaks of 12 investigated compounds in samples were unambiguously identified by compared their UV spectra and/or MS data with the related reference compounds. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.999) within the test ranges. The intra- and inter-day variations for 12 analytes were less than 1.17% and 2.17%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the investigated compounds in 10 samples of Radix Ginseng and Folium Ginseng, respectively. The result showed that PLE combined with rocket column HPLC analysis could provide a rapid method for analysis of compounds in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which is helpful to comprehensive evaluation of quality of Radix Ginseng and Folium Ginseng.     

Development of a quality evaluation system for Panax quinquefolium. L based on HPLC chromatographic fingerprinting of seven major ginsenosides

A HPLC fingerprinting method based on the distribution and contents of seven major ginsenosides has been developed for the quality evaluation of Panax quinquefolium. L roots cultivated in China, Singapore and Canada. The method is ideally suited for the fingerprinting of P. quinquefolium. L samples or its derived products for sample authentication or quality control, e.g. pharmaceutical stability studies. Different extraction methods have been evaluated and a protocol established to maximize the gensinosides yields in routine operations. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the fingerprints demonstrates that the distribution and contents of ginsenosides in P. quinquefolium. L root vary depending on geographic location; and the quality of Jilin-cultivated P. quinquefolium. L roots is similar in composition to Canada-cultivated ones, which are generally considered among the best quality in P. quinquefolium. L.     

超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱快速分析人参根中的皂甙化合物

建立了超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱快速分析人参根部提取物中的皂甙类化合物的方法。色谱柱为HSS T3超高效液相色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm);以15 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为流动相,采用二元梯度洗脱的方式对人参主根的皂甙提取物进行分离。基于待测目标物的多级质谱碎片离子、精确质量等信息,结合9种人参皂甙标准化合物的多级质谱碎片离子质谱图,共鉴定出人参主根提取物中27种皂甙类化合物。在确定的条件下,以9种人参皂甙标样为研究对象,进行了全面的方法学考察,发现它们的线性范围分别为0.33～9.00 mg/L (Rg1), 0.11～9.00 mg/L (Re), 0.02～2.00 mg/L (Rf), 0.07～6.00 mg/L (Rg2), 0.04～3.00 mg/L (Rb1, Rb3), 0.22～6.00 mg/L (Rc), 0.04～9.00 mg/L (Rb2, Rd);在中等加标浓度时,经内标物峰面积校正的9种皂甙标准化合物的峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)不高于11.3%;低、中、高3个质量浓度加标水平的回收率范围分别为90%～100%、98%～104%及96%～103%;最低检出限为3.5～18.5 μg/L。该方法具有高分辨、快捷、简便、可靠等特点,并成功地应用于分析同一产地、不同生长时间的人参干燥主根中皂甙的差异。可以预计此方法可进一步应用于各种人参原料和制品中皂甙的快速测定。     

野三七的红外光谱分析

为了证实野三七现有的疗效并推测其未知的潜在的价值,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试了云南白药、文山三七、川芎及野三七等药材的红外光谱.云南白药与文山三七,川芎与野三七两组红外光谱的峰形、峰位极相似.从特征峰的峰强、峰形、峰位比之,虽有偏差,但很小.此外,四种药物在光谱上也有相当的吻合性.由此可知,野三七和其它三种药物一样,...     

三七炮制前后的红外光谱分析研究

采用红外光谱并结合二维相关红外光谱法对生三七和熟三七进行了研究,分析比较三七炮制前后化学成分的变化。在一维红外谱图上,生三七和熟三七在1 200~400cm-1波段内的相似度较高,不同的是熟三七在2 925,2 855,1 746,1 460,1 376,1 158cm-1出现了花生油的特征峰,这是由于采用煎炸法炮制三七所残留的花生油所引起的。两者药效组分的特征差异在二维相关红外谱图上显示得更为明显和直观,在1 400~1 700cm-1区域,生三七仅在1 650cm-1附近有一个强自动峰,而熟三七在1 469和1 640cm-1附近均有自动峰。在1 120~1 250cm-1区域,生三七和熟三七共有1 139(1 137),1 194(1 196),1 219(1 221)cm-1三个自动峰,不同的是各自动峰的相对强度发生了变化,生三七经炮制后1 139cm-1峰的增强,而1 194cm-1峰减弱。二维相关红外光谱的变化规律说明了三七药材在炮制的过程中发生的主要变化是黄酮、糖类、皂苷等成分的分解。该方法揭示了三七在炮制过程中所发生的物理化学变化过程,从红外光谱的角度解释了三七"生消熟补"的药理。     

中药三七不同部位和组织的红外光谱分析

采用溴化钾压片法及傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药三七(Panax notoginseng)的剪口、主根、筋条、绒根等不同部位以及表皮、韧皮部、形成层和木部等不同组织的红外光谱及其二阶导数谱进行了研究。三七不同部位及组织红外光谱的整体峰形相似;在3 400,2 930,1 645,1 155,1 080和1 020cm-1附近有淀粉的特征吸收峰,其主体成分均为淀粉。但各部位和组织的红外光谱及其特征性化学成分有差异。剪口在1 077和1 152cm-1处峰的强度比大于其他部位,皂苷的含量最高。剪口及其表皮在1 317和780cm-1特征峰明显,含草酸钙;并且剪口表皮中草酸钙的含量比剪口中的含量高。绒根在1 384和825cm-1处有硝酸盐的特征峰,说明绒根富含硝酸盐类成分。主根表皮在2 926,2 854和1 740cm-1处的吸收峰较强,酯类成分的含量较高。形成层的红外光谱中酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带峰明显,富含蛋白质。由此可见,三七不同部位和组织的红外光谱及其二阶导数谱各有特征,不仅揭示了整体化学成分,还能提供有机大分子、无机小分子等特征性成分信息。红外光谱可用于三七及其不同部位和组织的准确、快速鉴别及质量评价。     

Identification of ginsenoside metabolites in plasma related to different bioactivities of Panax notoginseng and Panax ginseng

Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, their bioactivities are different. In this study, the differential bioactivities of PN and PG were used as the research object. First, the different metabolites in the plasma after oral administration of PN and PG were analyzed using a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. Afterward, the metabolite-target- pathway network of PN and PG was constructed, and thus the pathways related to different bioactivities were analyzed. As a result, 7 different metabolites were identified in PN group, and 10 different metabolites were identified in the PG group. In the PN group, the metabolite N1 was related to hemostasis, N1 and N3 were related to inhibiting the nerve center, antihypertensive, and abirritation. The metabolites N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 were related to liver protection. The results showed that the metabolites G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 in PG group were related to heart protection, and G1, G2, G6, and G9 were related to increased blood pressure. There were 13 signaling pathways related to different biological activities of PN (8 pathways) and PG (5 pathways). These pathways further clarified the mechanism of action that caused the different bioactivities between PN and PG. In summary, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology could be helpful to clarify the material basis of different bioactivities between PN and PG, promoting the research on PN and PG.     

UHPLC–Q‐TOF‐MS‐based metabolomics approach to compare the saponin compositions of Xueshuantong injection and Xuesaitong injection

Various traditional Chinese medicine preparations developed from Notoginseng total saponins, including Xueshuantong injection and Xuesaitong injection, are extensively used in China to treat cardiocerebrovascular diseases. However, the difference of their saponin compositions remains unknown. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach was developed to probe the saponin discrimination between Xueshuantong and Xuesaitong and the related factors by large sample analysis. A highly efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on an HSS T3 column within 20 min with the holistic metabolites information recorded in the negative MS^E mode. A six‐step data pretreatment procedure mainly based on Progenesis QI and mass defect filtering was established. Pattern recognition chemometrics was used to discover the potential saponin markers. The saponin composition of Wuzhou Xueshuantong showed distinct discrimination from the other products. Wuzhou Xueshuantong contains more abundant protopanaxatriol‐type noto‐R₁, Rg₁, Re, and protopanaxadiol‐type Rb₁, but less Rd and other low‐polarity protopanaxadiol‐type ginsenosides. These differences could not directly correlate to the use of different parts of Panax notoginseng , but possibly to the different preparation techniques employed by different manufacturers. These results are beneficial to the establishment of pharmacopoeia standards and the assessment of the efficacy and adverse drug reactions for these homologous products.     

Studies on Intestinal Transport of Ginsenoside Compatibility with Veratrum nigrum via Caco-2 Cell Monolayer Model Coupled with UPLC-ESI-MS Method

The Caco-2 cells have been recognized as effective tools to be applied to imitating the drug absorption in human intestine for the transport of drug. Herein, Caco-2 cell monolayer model was used to study the transport of the ginsenoside compatibility with Veratrum nigrum in different proportions. A specific high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-MS) method was developed for the semiquantitative determination of ginsenoside in intestinal transport with Dioscin as an internal standard. For the Caco-2 model constructed, two influencing factors were investigated, including time and concentration. The results suggest that the absorption of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd are time- and concentration-dependent and the excretions of Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd have a relatronship with some transport proteins. The bioavailability of the ginsenosides has reduced compared to the single Panax ginseng extract when compatibility with a certain amount of Veratrum nigrum.     

A new triterpenoid saponin from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.

One new triterpenoid saponin,quinquenoside L_(17)(1),was isolated from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.,and its structure was elucidated as 20-O-[(β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-24-ene- 3,6,12,20-tetraol,by the combination analysis of one-dimensional NMR and two-dimensional NMR,mass spectrometry,CD spectrum and chemical evidences.