High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginsenosides inPanax ginseng extracts using glass-ODS column

Summary Octadecyl-porous glass was prepared and used as the packing for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A mixture of ginsenosides, saponins of ginseng was analyzed with detection at 203 nm. Ginsenosides Rf, Rg₂, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, and Rd were separated with acetonitrile-water (27.5:72.5) as the mobile phase. A well-resoluted chromatogram of ginsenosides Ro, Rg₁ and Re was also obtained with acetonitrile-water (16.5:83.5). The whole separation was achieved in 12 min with a flowrate of 1 ml/min. Calibration curves of ginsenosides Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rd, Rg₁ and Re were linear up to 5 μg. It can be concluded that the rapid and accurate analysis of ginsenosides is possible by the described method.     

Identification Markers of Adulteration in Korean Red Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

The commercial products of Panax ginseng have increasing market demand and high prices due to the pharmacological activities. To obtain high profits, P. ginseng may be adulterated with lower priced morphologically similar species such as Platycodon grandiflorum, Codonopsis lanceolata, and Pueraria lobata. This study was designed to validate accurate methods for the analysis of adulteration in P. ginseng products. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electrospray ionization–ion trap–time of flight–mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–ESI-IT-TOF-MS) were validated to analyze the raw plant materials, self-prepared formulations, and commercial products of P. ginseng, C. lanceolata, P. grandiflorum, and P. lobata. The developed analytical methods were confirmed by quality assurance parameters such as linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. Lobetyolin and ononin were identified as marker compounds by HPLC and confirmed by accurate mass measurement with ESI-IT-TOF-MS. HPLC analysis of self-prepared formulations indicated that by increasing the ratio of C. lanceolata, P. grandiflorum, and P. lobata in P. ginseng extracts, the peak area is increased at the same retention time. The limits of detection and quantification for lobetyolin and ononin were 0.098 and 0.171, and 0.108 and 0.726?mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the intraday precision (<1.0%) measurements confirmed that the developed analytical methods fulfill the required criteria for characterization of these products. The results demonstrated that the developed liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods accurately characterized adulteration in P. ginseng commercial products.     

A new ocotillol-type ginsenoside from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium L. and its anti-oxidative effect on hydrogen peroxide exposed A549 cells

Abstract

A new ocotillol-type ginsenoside, namely 12-one-pseudoginsenoside F₁₁ (12-one-PF₁₁), was isolated from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium, whose structure was elucidated 6-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-12-one-20S,24R-epoxy-3β,6α,25-triol. 12-one-PF₁₁ significantly suppressed hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. As compared with model group, 12-one-PF₁₁ improved cell viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly decreased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and protein expression levels of nuclear related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in A549 cells.     

Development of a rapid and convenient method to separate eight ginsenosides from Panax ginseng by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection

Ginsenosides exhibit diverse biological activities and are major well-known components isolated from the radix of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. In the present work, a rapid and facile method for the separation and purification of eight ginsenosides from P. ginseng by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HSCCC-ELSD) was successfully developed. The crude samples for HSCCC separation were first purified from ginseng extract using a macroporous resin; the extract was loaded onto a Diaion-HP20 column and fractionated by methanol and water gradient elution. The ginsenosides-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) fractions were subsequently eluted with 65 and 80% methanol and water gradient elution, respectively. Furthermore, these two fractions were separated by HSCCC-ELSD. The two-phase solvent system used for separation was composed of chloroform/methanol/water/isopropanol at a volume ratio of 4:3:2:1. Each fraction obtained was collected and dried, yielding the following eight ginsenosides: Rg(1), Re, Rf, Rh(1), Rb(1), Rc Rb(2) and Rd. The purity of these ginsenosides was greater than 97% as assessed by HPLC-ELSD, and their structures were characterized by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This is the first report regarding the separation of the ginsenosides Rh(1), Rb(2) and Rc from P. ginseng by HSCCC.     

用傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究核辐照对人参粉成分的影响

本文采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(吸收光谱、二阶导数谱及差谱)法对经不同剂量核辐照的人参粉进行了对比研究.辐照剂量不高于9 kGy时,人参粉样品的化学成分几乎没有发生变化;人参粉样品经15kGy及以上的辐照剂量辐照后,可能产生新的化学成分,表明采用辐照剂量不高于9 kGy的核辐照杀灭人参粉污染的微生物和各种寄生虫卵是可行的;...     

高光谱成像的三七粉质量等级无损鉴别

三七粉是三七的主要消费和商品形式,市场上存在以次充好、甚至是掺假的现象,由于是粉状物料,难以用肉眼判别,为了实现对不同质量等级的三七粉进行无损鉴别。将30头、40头、60头和80头的三七主根研磨成粉,制备样本。采用可见近红外高光谱成像系统（400.68～1 001.61 nm）采集4种不同头数三七粉,共计384个样品的高光谱图像,提取高光谱图像感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱值作为样本原始光谱。将384个三七粉样本按2∶1的比例划分训练集和测试集。采用卷积平滑（SG）、多元散射校正（MSC）和标准正态变量变换（SNV）3种预处理方法对三七粉样本光谱信息进行预处理并建立支持向量机(SVM)分类模型,通过比较基于3种预处理方法的SVM模型测试集分类准确率,确定SNV为最优预处理方法。采用迭代保留信息变量（IRIV）、变量组合集群分析（VCPA）和变量组合集群分析混合迭代保留信息变量（VCPA-IRIV）3种特征选择方法提取SNV预处理后光谱的特征波长并建立基于特征光谱和原始光谱的SVM分类模型,通过比较基于3种特征选择方法得到的特征波长建立的SVM模型测试集分类准确率,发现将VCPA与IRIV相结合的VCPA-IRIV为最优特征选择方法。VCPA-IRIV提取了18个特征波长代替全光谱数据参与建模,该算法在降低模型复杂度的同时保持了模型的分类精度。为了提高模型的分类精度,采用引力搜索算法（GSA）对SVM模型中惩罚因子c和核参数g进行寻优,并与网格搜索（GS）的结果进行比较,结果表明,VCPA-IRIV-GSA-SVM模型分类效果最好,测试集分类准确率达到100%。可见,利用可见近红外高光谱成像对三七粉进行质量等级无损鉴别是可行的,为市场上三七粉的质量等级鉴别提供了参考。     

秦巴山区中草药钮子七中微量元素的测定

用ICP-AES测定了秦巴山区独有的中草药钮子七中的2种常量营养性元素(钙、镁)和5种微量元素(铜、铬、铁、锌、锰)含量。钙4790.66μg.g-1、镁55.32μg.g-1、铜18.44μg.g-1、铬2.1μg.g-1、铁264.50μg.g-1、锌56.71μg.g-1、锰17.83μg.g-1,回收率均在96.2%—100.5%之间,结果表明,此方法简便、可靠,具有良好的精确度和准确性。并初步讨论了中草药钮子七中有益元素与治疗疾病的关系,并与中药材汉三七中微量元素含量相比较,二者微量元素含量略有差异。     

FTIR结合SVR对三七总多糖含量快速预测

对中药进行快速质量控制,从整体层面反映中药的安全性与有效性具有重要意义。通过硫酸-苯酚显色反应测定三七总多糖含量,傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合支持向量机回归(SVR)建立三七总多糖含量预测模型,以期为三七提供快速准确的质控方法。采集云南省12个产地60个三七样品的红外光谱,紫外分光光度法(UV-Vis)检测样品中总多糖含量。红外光谱经过二阶导数(2D)、正交信号校正(OSC)、小波变换(WT)和变量投影重要性(VIP)筛选等数据优化处理。SPXY算法将所有样本按2∶1的比例划分为训练集与预测集。训练集数据用于建立SVR预测模型,网格式搜索、遗传算法(GA)和粒子群优化算法(PSO)对SVR预测模型进行参数优化,预测集进一步对SVR模型的预测能力进行验证。结果显示：(1)葡萄糖标准品与三七总多糖在490 nm处存在最大共有吸收峰,490 nm可作为三七总多糖检测的定量波长;(2)文山丘北、曲靖师宗及红河蒙自等产地的三七总多糖含量较高,平均含量在25 mg·g-1以上;(3)分析3种参数优化模型的校正均方根误差(RMSEE)与预测均方根误差(RMSEP),与PSO优化模型相比,网格式搜索优化模型欠学习,GA优化模型过学习;(4)PSO-SVR模型对预测集数据预测效果最好,RMSEP=3.120 6,R2_pre=83.13%,预测值与紫外检测值接近。表明FTIR结合PSO-SVR模型能够对三七中总多糖含量进行快速准确的预测,为保证三七稳定、安全与有效用药提供数据。     

Differentiating root and rhizome of panax notoginseng based on precursor ion scanning and multi heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Owing to increasing demand for Panax notoginseng-based medicines and health products, establishing a fast, simple, and reliable assay to analyze the chemical differences between its root and rhizome is important. Although previous studies showed that the chemical and biological differences between the root and rhizome of P. notoginseng seem to be small, efforts should be taken to investigate such differences to ensure the safety and efficacy of the products. This work describes a holistic approach that combines characteristic fingerprinting using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry parent ion scanning with charged aerosol detection and targeted separation by online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography, to identify and evaluate characteristic markers allowing differentiation of the root and rhizome. A total of five potential markers chikusetsusaponin L₅, ginsenoside Rb₂, stipuleanoside R_2, malonyl-ginsenoside Rb₁, and malonyl-ginsenoside Rd, were identified and confirmed by comparing chromatographic retention time, the accurate mass of molecular weight, and the fragments of secondary MS with the available reference materials. The results showed that all five markers were 2.8–7 times higher in content in the rhizome than in the root.