PEM控制合成碳掺杂钛氧薄膜的成分结构研究

采用等离子体发射监测(PEM)系统实现闭环控制反应气体流量,使反应溅射稳定在滞回曲线过渡区,并以气相CO2和O2为碳源和氧源制备了碳掺杂钛氧(C∶Ti-O)薄膜.采用原子力显微镜、掠入射X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱表征薄膜的表面形貌、结构、成分,紫外-可见分光光度计测试薄膜透射率并用Tauc作图法计算薄膜的带隙宽度.结果表明,随着辉光强度设定点(SP)的增大,沉积速率增大,薄膜中Ti-C键含量增多,带隙宽度降低,薄膜的结晶性增强且有利于金红石相的形成.     

Preliminary simulation studies on a cylindrical PEM scanner using GATE

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a cylindrical positron emission mammography (PEM) by simulation, in order to estimate its feasibility before implementation. A well-developed simulation package, Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE), is used to simulate the scanner geometry and physical processes. The simulated PEM scanner is composed of 64 blocks axially arranged in 4 rings with an axial field-of-view (AFOV) of 12.8 cm and 16.6 cm in diameter. For each block, there is a 16×16 array of 2 mm×2 mm×15 mm lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals. In the simulated measurements, the spatial resolution is at the center of the FOV of 1.73±0.07 mm (radial) and 1.81±0.08 mm (tangential), but of 4.83±0.09 mm (radial) and 4.37±0.07 mm (tangential) while 5 cm off the center. The central point source sensitivity (ACS) is 4.04% (1.50 Mcps/mCi) at an energy window of 350-650 keV. Moreover, the capillary and cylindrical sources are simulated coupled to breast phantoms for the scatter fraction (SF) and Noise Equivalent Count Rate (NECR) test. For a breast phantom with a 350-650 keV energy window, SF may reach the highest 32.95%, while NECR is degraded down to the lowest 255.71 kcps/mCi. Finally, we model a breast phantom embedded with two spheres of different activities. The reconstructed image gives good results despite a bit of difference in image contrast. Further, the image quality will be improved by scatter and random correction. All these test results indicate the feasibility of this PEM system for breast cancer detection.     

PEM燃料电池中的两相传质及其影响

建立了一个新的二维、两相流模型来研究质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池中的两相传质及其对质子膜阻抗和阴极性能的影响。模型不仅将催化剂层(CL)包含在电极中,还考虑了电池中相变及其对传质的影响。模型可同时使用在电池的阴极和阳极。主要模拟了电池阴极中两相传质、质子膜阻抗、阴极有效孔隙率和电流密度。模拟结果显示,提高加湿温度可以降低质子膜的阻抗,但过高的加湿温度会降低阴极气体扩散层(GDL)的有效孔隙率,降低阴极的性能。     

新型的含芳香二腈基磺化聚芳醚腈酮的合成与表征

通过Diels-Alder反应合成了一种新型的含芳香二腈基的双酚单体, 并利用此单体与活性二卤化物共聚合成了一系列高分子量的磺化聚芳醚腈酮聚合物. 聚合物的结构通过元素分析和核磁共振谱进行表征. 结果表明, 该聚合物具有优良的导质子率、尺寸和化学稳定性及良好的力学性能.     

化学与生物改性合成质子交换膜*

新型质子交换膜的研究主要集中在Nafion膜的化学或物理改性、化学合成材料的更新以及新型的生物材料燃料电池用质子交换膜的研发。本文对燃料电池用质子交换膜近3年的研究进展做了综述,并对PEMFC质子交换膜的发展前景进行了探讨与预测。     

Sulfonated hydrocarbon graft architectures for cation exchange membranes

A synthetic strategy to hydrocarbon graft architectures prepared from a commercial polysulfone and aimed as ion exchange membrane material is proposed. Polystyrene is grafted from a polysulfone macroinitiator by atom transfer radical polymerization, and subsequently sulfonated with acetyl sulfate to various degrees. Series of grafting densities and graft lengths are prepared, and membranes are solvent cast from DMSO. The membrane properties in aqueous environments are evaluated from their water swelling behavior, and their thermal properties and stability are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of triflic acid and triflate ion/water mixtures: a proton conducting electrolytic component in fuel cells

Triflic acid is a functional group of perflourosulfonated polymer electrolyte membranes where the sulfonate group is responsible for proton conduction. However, even at extremely low hydration, triflic acid exists as a triflate ion. In this work, we have developed a force-field for triflic acid and triflate ion by deriving force-field parameters using ab initio calculations and incorporated these parameters with the Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations - All Atom (OPLS-AA) force-field. We have employed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the developed force field to characterize structural and dynamical properties of triflic acid (270-450 K) and triflate ion/water mixtures (300 K). The radial distribution functions (RDFs) show the hydrophobic nature of CF(3) group and presence of strong hydrogen bonding in triflic acid and temperature has an insignificant effect. Results from our MD simulations show that the diffusion of triflic acid increases with temperature. The RDFs from triflate ion/water mixtures shows that increasing hydration causes water molecules to orient around the SO(3)(-) group of triflate ions, solvate the hydronium ions, and other water molecules. The diffusion of triflate ions, hydronium ion, and water molecules shows an increase with hydration. At λ = 1, the diffusion of triflate ion is 30 times lower than the diffusion of triflic acid due to the formation of stable triflate ion-hydronium ion complex. With increasing hydration, water molecules break the stability of triflate ion-hydronium ion complex leading to enhanced diffusion. The RDFs and diffusion coefficients of triflate ions, hydronium ions and water molecules resemble qualitatively the previous findings using per-fluorosulfonated membranes.     

Water management improvement in PEM fuel cells via addition of PDMS or APTES polymers to the catalyst layer

Water management is one of the obstacles in the development and commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Sufficient humidification of the membrane directly affects the PEM fuel cell performance. Therefore, 2 different hydrophobic polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), were tested at different percentages (5, 10, and 20 wt.%) in the catalyst layer. The solution was loaded onto the surface of a 25 BC gas diffusion layer (GDL) via the spraying method. The performance of the obtained fuel cells was compared with the performance of the commercial catalyst. Characterizations of each surface, including different amounts of PDMS and APTES, were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Molecular bond characterization was examined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and surface hydrophobicity was measured via contact angle measurements. The performance of the fuel cells was evaluated at the PEM fuel cell test station and the 2 hydrophobic polymers were compared. Surfaces containing APTES were found to be more hydrophobic. Fuel cells with PDMS performed better when compared to those with APTES. Fuel cells with 5wt.% APTES with a current density of 321.31 mA/cm ² and power density of 0.191 W/cm ² , and 10wt.% PDMS with a current density of 344.52 mA/cm ² and power density of 0.205 W/cm ² were the best performing fuel cells at 0.6V.     

Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated homo‐ and co‐polyimides based on 2,4 and 2,5‐diaminobenzenesulfonic acid for proton exchange membranes

A series of sulfonated homo‐ and random co‐polyimides (co‐SPI) based on 2,4‐diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (2,4‐DABS) and 2,5‐diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (2,5‐DABS) has been synthesized via conventional two‐step polyimidization method. 2,4‐DABS and 2,5‐DABS were used as sulfonated diamine compounds, 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) were used as non‐sulfonated diamine compounds. Mixtures of sulfonated and non‐sulfonated diamine compounds were reacted with benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) to obtain co‐SPI membranes. Molar ratios of sulfonated to non‐sulfonated diamine were systematically varied to produce copolymers of controlled compositions. The co‐SPIs were evaluated for thermal oxidative stability, ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, proton conductivity, solubility, and hydrolytic stability. Proton conductivity and hydrolytic stability of the co‐SPIs were compared with the fully aromatic polyimide, homo‐SPIs (BTDA/2,4‐DABS and BTDA/2,5‐DABS). Regarding thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, it is concluded that desulfonation temperature in the range of 200–350°C suggests high stability of sulfonic acid groups. co‐SPIs with 40 mol% of 2,4‐DABS showed similar or higher proton conductivity than Nafion® 117 in water. Proton conductivity values of the co‐SPIs were mainly a function of IEC and water uptake. Consequently, the optimum concentration of 2,4‐DABS was found to be in the range of 30–40 mol% from the viewpoint of proton conductivity, IEC, and hydrolytic stability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemical Studies of Cytochrome c on Electrodes Modified by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Single wallcarbonnanotubes (SWNTs)modifiedgoldelectrodeswerepreparedbyusingtwodifferentmethods .Theelectrochemicalbehaviorofcytochromeconthemodifiedgoldelectrodeswasinves tigated .ThefirstkindofSWNT modifiedelectrode (notedasSWNT/Auelectrode)waspreparedbytheadsorptionofcarboxyl terminatedSWNTsfromDMFdispersiononthegoldelectrode .TheoxidativelyprocessedSWNTtipswerecovalentlymodifiedbycouplingwithamines (AET)toformamidelinkage .ViaAu—Schemicalbonding ,theself assembledmonolayerofthi…