半导体科学技术与诺贝尔物理学奖

半导体科学技术是自然科学和技术领域中的一个极其重要的活跃分支，也是完美体现当代科学技术发展特点的一个突出范例．而诺贝尔物理学奖则是一种在全世界范围内最具权威性的自然科学奖励，也是获奖者所拥有的一种最高科学荣誉．半导体科学技术与诺贝尔物理学奖之间有着某些必然的关联性．揭示与探讨二者之间的这种内在联系，对于认识半导体科学技术的历史发展规律，并进而把握它的未来发展走向具有一定的现实指导意义。     

Birth of Neutrino Astrophysics (Nobel Lecture)

The KamiokaNDE experiment for the observation of proton decay, an array of photomultipliers containing over 3 000 tons of water, allowed the observation of charged particles travelling faster than the velocity of light in water. The subsequently developed Super‐KamiokaNDE could be used to measure the amounts, the path, the energies, and the oscillation parameters of neutrinos, generated either by supernova explosions in the sun, or in the atmosphere. This work was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.     

冷冻电镜技术应用于生物分子高分辨结构解析——2017年诺贝尔化学奖浅谈

The 2017 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson for their contribution to developing the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) method for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution. In recent years, cryo-EM is leading a revolution in structural biology, and becoming a major tool in studying the structure and function of biomolecular machines. Here, we briefly describe the method development of cryo-EM and the personal contributions of the three Nobel Laureates.     

The productive scientific career of Charles Pedersen (October 3, 1904–October 26, 1989)

Charles Pedersen's career is reviewed from the time of his early life in Korea and Japan and scientific training in the United States to the present. His 42-year research career was practically and scientifically productive, leading finally to a share of the Nobel prize in chemistry for 1987. Commercially significant accomplishments included a large improvement in the yield of tetraethylead antiknock and discovery of the first oil soluble agents for inhibiting catalytic effects of copper in degradation of petroleum products and rubber. This led to a study of the interactions of metals with chelating agents and the resultant effects on oxidation reactions, thence to the behavior of peroxides and their reactions with substrates. He also discovered the antiknock activity of ferrocene. While studying the effects of ligands on the catalytic behavior of vanadium he discovered the crown compounds and their ability to include alkali metal ions. He devoted the last years of his career to elaborating their chemistry.Taken in part with permission fromCurrent Topics in Macrocyclic Chemistry in Japan, E. Kimura (ed.), Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, 1987.