基于Sentinel-2影像与PROSAIL模型参数标定的玉米冠层LAI反演

叶面积指数(LAI)与植被光合作用、蒸腾作用、生物量的形成等有密切联系,是玉米长势监测、灾害胁迫监测、产量预测等重要参数之一,也是辐射传输模型、作物生长模型等机理模型的一个重要参数。Sentinel-2卫星是“全球环境与安全监测”计划的第二颗卫星,具有较高的时空分辨率,且具有红边波段,其可见光和近红外波段的分辨率为10m,是农业遥感应用的理想数据源。PROSAIL辐射传输模型是遥感反演玉米冠层LAI的有效途径,然而在反演中存在输入参数不确定性大、调参困难、病态反演、速度慢等问题。模型的参数标定能够获取观测反射率及不确定性范围内的参数取值,提供丰富准确的参数信息,降低模型反演过程中的偏差。为探索参数标定在玉米冠层LAI反演中的应用,研究以Sentinel-2A卫星影像为数据源,使用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛方法(MCMC)对PROSAIL模型进行参数标定,通过加入5%的观测光谱不确定性,获取各参数在不确定性范围内的后验取值概率分布,以优化反演过程中的参数设置,提高LAI反演精度。研究结果表明：（1）PROSAIL模型对可见光和近红外波段较为敏感的输入参数有LAI、叶片叶绿素含量及结构系数,将此三个参数作为查找表反演中的可变参数能够有效地进行LAI的反演,反演精度的决定系数达0.7以上。（2）MCMC方法能够对PROSAIL模型进行参数标定,获取研究区内玉米各参数取值分布信息,参数后验分布与实际情况接近,表明利用MCMC方法进行参数标定可行有效。（3）通过参数标定可以有效提高LAI的反演精度,在降低反演偏差和异常值方面尤为明显,参数标定优化后的反演平均偏差由原先的20%降低至8%,同时估算精度由76%提高至90%。研究结果表明：利用MCMC进行PROSAIL模型参数标定,能够提高PROSAIL模型的LAI反演精度,降低反演偏差,为利用PROSAIL辐射传输模型提高作物冠层参数反演精度提供借鉴。     

Mathematical modelling and theoretical analysis of nonholonomic kinematic systems with a class of rheonomous affine constraints

In this paper, we deal with kinematic control systems subject to a class of rheonomous affine constraints. We first define A-rheonomous affine constraints and explain a geometric representation method for them. Next, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for complete nonholonomicity of the A-rheonomous affine constraints. Then, a mathematical model of nonholonomic kinematic systems with A-rheonomous affine constraints (NKSARAC), which is included in the class of nonlinear affine control systems, is introduced. Theoretical analysis on linearly-approximated systems and accessibility for the NKSARAC is also shown. Finally, we apply the results to some physical examples in order to confirm the effectiveness of them.     

Correct or incorrect application of CAPM? Correct or incorrect decisions with CAPM?

This paper focuses on inconsistencies arising from the use of NPV and CAPM for capital budgeting. It shows that: (i) CAPM capital budgeting decision-making based on disequilibrium NPV is deductively inferred by the capital asset pricing model, (ii) the use of the disequilibrium NPV is widespread in finance both as a decision rule and as a valuation tool, (iii) the disequilibrium NPV does not guarantee additivity nor consistency with arbitrage pricing, so that it is unreliable for valuation, (iv) Magni’s [Magni, C.A., 2002. Investment decisions in the theory of finance: Some antinomies and inconsistencies. European Journal of Operational Research 137, 206–217; Magni, C.A., 2007a. Project valuation and investment decisions: CAPM versus arbitrage. Applied Financial Economics Letters 3 (2), 137–140] criticism of the NPV criterion refers to the disequilibrium NPV, and De Reyck’s [De Reyck, B., 2005. On investment decisions in the theory of finance: Some antinomies and inconsistencies. European of Operational Research 161, 499–504] project valuation method, on the basis of which Magni’s criticism to NPV is objected, leaves decision makers open to arbitrage losses and incorrect decisions.     

Investments in EOP-technologies and emissions trading – Results from a linear programming approach and sensitivity analysis

This paper offers a general approach to valuating investments in end-of-pipe-technologies (EOP-technologies) with special regard to an emissions trading scheme. Since investments of this kind affect production, it is necessary to derive the required payments for a financial valuation and the constraints from production theory and production planning. On this basis, it is possible to develop a valuation model. This model considers joint production, activity-level-dependent and -independent payments and specifically includes the indivisibility of the investment. Applying duality theory enables us to examine the determinants of the price ceiling for such an investment. Sensitivity analysis shows that tradable permits have several effects on an investment and do not always encourage environmentally beneficial investments – in particular cases they may even be counterproductive.     

降雨对C波段散射计测风的影响及其校正

传统观点认为C波段散射计工作波长大于雨滴直径,受降雨散射衰减的影响很小, 因此往往忽略降雨对C波段散射计测风的影响.本文基于降雨引起C波段散射计信号的衰减、 后向体散射及雨滴落入海面后的扰动作用,推导了降雨条件下的雷达方程, 构建了2010年全年的ASCAT散射计、降雨雷达和欧洲中期天气预报中心数值预报的匹配数据集, 定量分析了降雨对C波段散射计测风的影响,发现其信号衰减随降雨强度和入射角的增大而增强; 后向体散射和雨表面扰动作用随降雨强度的增大而增强、随入射角的增大而减小, 其中雨表面扰动作用对散射计测风的影响大于后向体散射.另外, 利用降雨条件下的雷达方程和匹配数据集,本文建立了降雨条件下的C波段主动微波辐射传输模型, 实验表明,该模型能够改善降雨条件下C波段散射计测风的精度.     

一种计算非均质大气双向反射比的新方法

在卫星遥感中, 利用单次散射近似获得双向反射比与光学厚度之间的关系为卫 星反演气溶胶光学厚度奠定基础. 本文利用渐近积分理论, 在不需要人为垂直分层的情况下, 基于单次散射近似, 提出了一种计算非均质大气的双向反射比的新方法. 结果表明: 新方法得到的解析表达式有非常高的精度, 且该解析解也有助于我们分析辐射传输过程的一些重要特征.     

薄膜和半无限大介质间的近场辐射换热研究

研究了硼掺杂硅(记为Si-19)薄膜和半无限大物体(Si-19和SiC)在100 nm真空间距下的近场辐射换热随薄膜厚度的变化。研究结果表明,当半无限大物体和薄膜为相同的Si-19材料时,由于表面波激发并相互耦合,使得近场辐射换热随薄膜的厚度变化比较复杂。当半无限大物体为SiC材料时,由于表面波的耦合遭到破坏以及辐射体的高发射率频率区和吸收体的高吸收率频率区不匹配,导致表面波的激发对不同材料间的近场辐射换热的增强程度降低,因此在相同计算区域内热流密度随厚度的增加单调增加,没有出现极值点。     

轴对称介质内辐射源项反演算法

结合Abel变换和离散坐标法,提出了一种基于CCD相机采集的单幅辐射图像重建轴对称发射-吸收介质内辐射源项分布的反演算法。通过在求解辐射正问题得到的准确值的基础上,添加随机噪声模拟试验测量数据,分析了网格数目、辐射源项分布形式、吸收系数和测量误差对算法反演精度的影响。测试结果表明:该算法对测量误差不敏感,在有测量误差的情况下也能够准确的重建介质内的辐射源项分布。     

海雾的遥感光学辐射特性

为实现海雾的卫星自动监测,利用大量AVHRR3/NOAA17卫星观测数据,比较不同目标物(海雾区、不同云系及晴空下垫面)在可见光、近红外波段的反射辐射特性差异,统计分析了海雾的遥感光学辐射特性.结果表明,海雾区三通道反射率满足RCh1RCh3a>RCb2,甚至出现RCh3a>RCh1>RCh2不同于其它目标物(RCh1>RCh2>RCh3a.运用Streamer辐射传输模式模拟了海雾、不同云系在卫星高度处的三通道反射率特性,从理论上进一步验证了海雾所具有的光学辐射特性,同时指出,Ch3a的反射率对粒子粒径的响应明显,即粒子粒径越小,Ch3a的反射率越高.通过米氏散射理论对这一现象进行原因分析.     

Aerosol optical properties and its direct radiative forcing over Tibetan Plateau from 2006 to 2017

Studies on optical properties of aerosols can reduce the uncertainty for modelling direct radiative forcing (DRF) and improve the accuracy for discussing aerosols effects on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) climate. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over TP based on OMI and MERRA2, and assessed the influence of aerosol optical properties on DRF at NamCo station (30°46.44′N, 90°59.31′E, 4730 m) in the central TP from 2006 to 2017 based on a long measurement of AERONET and the modelling of SBDART model. The results show that aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibits obvious seasonal variation over TP, with higher AOD_500nm (>0.75) during spring and summer, and lower value (<0.25) in autumn and winter. The aerosol concentrations show a fluctuated rising from 1980 to 2000, significant increasing from 2000 to 2010 and slight declining trend after 2013. Based on sensitivity experiments, it is found that AOD and single scattering albedo (SSA) have more important impact on the DRF compared with α values and ASY. When AOD_440nm increases by 60%, DRF at the TOA and ATM is increased by 57.2% and 60.2%, respectively. When SSA_440nm increases by 20%, DRF at the TOA and ATM decreases by 121% and 96.7%, respectively.