全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3598篇 |
免费 | 354篇 |
国内免费 | 744篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3877篇 |
晶体学 | 37篇 |
力学 | 39篇 |
综合类 | 10篇 |
数学 | 3篇 |
物理学 | 730篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 39篇 |
2022年 | 71篇 |
2021年 | 91篇 |
2020年 | 107篇 |
2019年 | 111篇 |
2018年 | 109篇 |
2017年 | 136篇 |
2016年 | 147篇 |
2015年 | 155篇 |
2014年 | 174篇 |
2013年 | 377篇 |
2012年 | 251篇 |
2011年 | 283篇 |
2010年 | 194篇 |
2009年 | 223篇 |
2008年 | 211篇 |
2007年 | 212篇 |
2006年 | 197篇 |
2005年 | 197篇 |
2004年 | 173篇 |
2003年 | 166篇 |
2002年 | 116篇 |
2001年 | 99篇 |
2000年 | 97篇 |
1999年 | 76篇 |
1998年 | 73篇 |
1997年 | 80篇 |
1996年 | 43篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 45篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 17篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 38篇 |
1985年 | 61篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 36篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4696条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
191.
Mohammad Ali Zolfigol Peyman Salehi Arash Ghorbani-Choghamarani Maliheh Safaiee Mozhgan Shahamirian 《合成通讯》2013,43(11):1817-1823
Silica chromate easily converts 1,4‐dihydropyridines to their corresponding pyridines in the presence of NaHSO4 · H2O and wet SiO2 in dichloromethane at room temperature in good to excellent yields. 相似文献
192.
An efficient and facile method has been developed for the condensation of 1,2-diamines with α-hydroxyketones in polyethylene glycol (PEG) to quinoxalines and pyrazines with good yields in the presence of silica sulfuric acid (SSA). The important features of the methodology are simple operations, environmentally friendliness, and no requirement for metal catalysts. Additionally, the catalyst system (SSA/PEG) could be recovered easily and reused. 相似文献
193.
A new hybrid catalyst has been developed by incorporating nicotinic acid onto an organomodified silica. The catalyst was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of benzoyl fumarate. The reactions work well in the presence of 20 wt % of the catalyst at room temperature to produce the desired products in high yield. The catalyst could be recovered and reused without appreciable change in activity. 相似文献
194.
Torsten Kerber Rachel Nathaniel Kerber Xavier Rozanska Philippe Sautet Paul Fleurat‐Lessard 《Journal of computational chemistry》2013,34(13):1155-1163
We present a new software to easily perform QM:MM and QM:QM' calculations called QMX. It follows the subtraction scheme and it is implemented in the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE). Special attention is paid to couple molecular calculations with periodic boundaries approaches. QMX inherits the flexibility and versatility of the ASE package: any combination of methods namely force field, semiempirical, first principle, and ab initio, can be used as hybrid potential energy surface (PES). Its ease of use is demonstrated by considering the adsorption of Al2Cl3Me3 on silica surface and by combining different levels of theory (from standard DFT to MP2 calculations) for the so‐called High Level cluster with standard PW91 density functional theory calculations for the Low Level environment. It is shown that the High Level cluster must contain the silanol group close to the aluminum atoms. The bridging adsorption is favored by 58 kJ mol?1 at the MP2:PW91 level with respect to the terminal position. Using large clusters at the MP2:PW91 level, it is shown that PW91 calculations are sufficient for structure optimization but that embedded methods are required for accurate energy profiles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
195.
Abstract The presence of vitamin K1 in human body is important for preventing the hemorrhagic disease. Due to its very long side chain, vitamin K1 is highly insoluble in water. We have successfully dissolve a substantial amount of vitamin K1 in solutions of a commercial surfactant containing carboxymethyl ethoxylates (Hüls B433) and obtained low interfacial tension (IFT) and stable emulsion systems. This paper will present the details of these experiments. The solubilization of vitamin K1 was estimated from UV absorption. The IFT values were measured by using a spinning drop apparatus and all particle sizes were determined by using laser light scattering. By using the Hüls B433 surfactant and an optimum amount of CaCl2, we can dissolve vitamin K1 in water and obtain low IFT systems in the order of 10?2 dyne/cm. The emulsions obtained in these systems are stable and contain droplet sizes below 65 nm. The dissolution of vitamin K1 and the IFT behavior in these systems follow the rules for crude oil and prefer larger surfactant micelles. 相似文献
196.
AbstractAmino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (AFMSN) were prepared based on the self-assembly process of the pre-fabricated template of anionic gemini surfactant. The perfect mass ration of the reactants for the synthesis of the AFMSN with high surface area and amino loading was optimized by orthogonal experiments. Adsorption capability of the optimized product for lead ion (Pb2+) was investigated in detail. Specially, the effects of the amino content, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and interference of other metal ions on the removal efficiency of Pb2+ were studied. It is found that these factors can greatly affect the removal efficiency of Pb2+ and the prepared adsorbent exhibits the high adsorption selectivity for Pb2+. At an optimal condition, the AFMSN adsorbent presents an excellent adsorption capacity for Pb2+ up to 211.42?mg/g. The adsorption kinetics study revealed that the pseudo-second-order model could well describe the Pb2+ adsorption process, and the adsorption isotherm was fitted well with the Langmuir model. More importantly, the AFMSN adsorbent could be recycled 8 times and a high adsorption efficiency of Pb2+ could still be maintained. Therefore, the prepared AFMSN adsorbent may find practical application in removing Pb2+ from the polluted water. 相似文献
197.
Sébastien Simon Stefan Theiler Agnethe Knudsen Gisle Øye Johan Sjöblom 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2013,34(5):632-640
We have studied the rheological properties of fumed silica particle-stabilized emulsions. Two particles of different polarity were considered, the first more hydrophilic “Aerosil R7200,” the second more hydrophobic “Aerosil R972.” These particles flocculate and probably form a network at the investigated concentration. The flow curves of emulsions stabilized by a single type of particles exhibit yield stress, shear-thinning behavior and thixotropy. Moreover they display rheological features typical of gels. These features are attributed to strengthening of the particle network by droplets. Moreover the rheological properties of w/o emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic are similar to the ones of o/w emulsions stabilized by hydrophilic particles. The rheological properties of o/w emulsions stabilized by mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles have then been studied by keeping the total particle concentration constant and varying the mass ratio between particles. The results show that when the hydrophobic particle concentration increases, the viscosity and stability of emulsions decrease establishing evidence that the network is weakened due to preferential orientation of hydrophobic particles towards the oil phase. 相似文献
198.
Shi‐Zhao Kang Yikai Yang Zhizhen Xu 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2013,34(4):521-524
CdS nanoparticles were formed on the surface of silica microspheres by the improved layer‐by‐layer self‐assembled technique. High‐resolution electron microscope (HRTEM) image and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDX) confirmed formation of a quasi‐continuous CdS nanoparticles film on the silica microspheres. The results of UV‐vis and fluorescence spectra display that the spherical silica surface has a great effect on the photoluminescence of the loaded CdS nanoparticles. In contrast to the CdS nanoparticles powder, the composite can exhibit the emission ascribed to the band gap transition when the CdS nanoparticles film is relatively thick. This phenomenon is probably due to an enhancement of the crystallinity of CdS nanoparticles induced by the silica spheres. 相似文献
199.
Xiao‐Zhi He Bao‐Yan Zhang Corresponding author Jian‐She Hu Mei Tian 《Liquid crystals》2013,40(3):299-306
In this work we prepared a nematic monomer (4′‐allyloxybiphenyl 4′‐ethoxybenzoate, M1 ), a chiral crosslinking agent (isosorbide 4‐allyloxybenzoyl bisate, M2 ) and a series of new side chain cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers derived from M1 and M2 . The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The mesomorphic properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The effect of the content of the crosslinking unit on phase behaviour of the elastomers is discussed. Polymer P1 showed a nematic phase, P2 –P7 showed a cholesteric phase; P6 formed a blue Grandjean texture over a broad temperature range 145–209.6°C, with no changed on the cooling. Polymers P4 –P7 , with more than 6?mol?% of chiral crosslinking agent, gave rise to selective reflection. Elastomers containing less than 15?mol?% of the crosslinking units displayed elasticity, reversible phase transition with wide mesophase temperature ranges, and high thermal stability. Experimental results demonstrated that, with increasing content of crosslinking agent, the glass transition temperatures first fell and then increased; the isotropization temperatures and mesophase temperature ranges decreased. 相似文献
200.
Mohammad Saraji Hamideh Yousefi Soraia Meghdadi 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(5):305-317
An ion imprinted silica sorbent was prepared using a sol–gel process for selective extraction of Ni(II) ions from water samples. Bis(dibenzoylmethanto)nickel(II) complex was used as template; phenyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as functional monomers and tetraethylorthosilicate as reticulating agent. The material was packed in solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. The effect of sampling volume, elution conditions, sample pH and sample flow rate on the extraction of Ni ions from water samples were studied. The relative selectivity coefficients of imprinted sorbent for Ni(II)/Co(II), Ni(II)/Cu(II) and Ni(II)/Cd(II) were 23.7, 30.3 and 24.4, times greater than non-imprinted sorbent, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the eight replicate determinations of Ni(II) was 4.2%. The detection limit was 0.9 µg L?1 using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace nickel in water samples. 相似文献