Gram-level NH3 Electrosynthesis via NOx reduction on a Cu Activated Co Electrode

Ambient electrochemical ammonia (NH₃) synthesis is one promising alternative to the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch route. However, the industrial requirement for the electrochemical NH₃ production with amperes current densities or gram-level NH₃ yield remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the high-rate NH₃ production via NO₂⁻ reduction using the Cu activated Co electrode in a bipolar membrane (BPM) assemble electrolyser, wherein BPM maintains the ion balance and the liquid level of electrolyte. Benefited from the abundant Co sites and optimal structure, the target modified Co foam electrode delivers a current density of 2.64 A cm⁻² with the Faradaic efficiency of 96.45 % and the high NH₃ yield rate of 279.44 mg h⁻¹ cm⁻² in H-type cell using alkaline electrolyte. Combined with in situ experiments and theoretical calculations, we found that Cu optimizes the adsorption behavior of NO₂⁻ and facilitates the hydrogenation steps on Co sites toward a rapid NO₂⁻ reduction process. Importantly, this activated Co electrode affords a large NH₃ production up to 4.11 g h⁻¹ in a homemade reactor, highlighting its large-scale practical feasibility.     

Flow injection analysis as a tool for enhancing oceanographic nutrient measurements—A review

Macronutrient elements (C, N and P) and micronutrient elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn and Mn) are widely measured in their various physico-chemical forms in open ocean, shelf sea, coastal and estuarine waters. These measurements help to elucidate the biogeochemical cycling of these elements in marine waters and highlight the ecological and socio-economic importance of the oceans. Due to the dynamic nature of marine waters in terms of chemical, biological and physical processes, it is advantageous to make these measurements in situ and in this regard flow injection analysis (FIA) provides a suitable shipboard platform. This review, therefore, discusses the role of FIA in the determination of macro- and micro-nutrient elements, with an emphasis on manifold design and detection strategies for the reliable shipboard determination of specific nutrient species. The application of various FIA manifolds to oceanographic nutrient determinations is discussed, with an emphasis on sensitivity, selectivity, high throughput analysis and suitability for underway analysis and depth profiles. Strategies for enhancing sensitivity and minimizing matrix effects, e.g. refractive index (schlieren) effects and the important role of uncertainty budgets in underpinning method validation and data quality are discussed in some detail.     

钴铝复合氧化物同时催化去除碳烟和氮氧化物

以稳态共沉淀法合成的含Co类水滑石为前驱物, 制备了具有介孔结构的复合氧化物催化剂(CAO), 采用程序升温反应技术评价了催化剂同时去除碳烟和氮氧化物的性能, 并用ICP, BET, SEM和XPS等手段分析了材料结构和催化性能的关联. 结果表明, 催化剂呈现钴尖晶石相, 材料表面除了存在与金属键合的晶格氧外, 还有大量的吸附氧. Co/Al摩尔比和焙烧温度影响催化剂的活性, 当Co/Al摩尔比为4和焙烧温度为800 ℃时制备的4CAO-800是一种综合性能良好的催化剂, 具有较低的起燃温度(t_i=290 ℃), 生成N₂的选择性较高(S_N2/C=3.5%). 在同时去除碳烟和NO_x反应中, 碳烟的催化燃烧过程可能存在溢流机理和氧化还原机理协同作用.     

铜改性分子筛的低温NH3SCR性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了Cu ZSM 5、Cu beta、Cu USY和Cu SAPO 34四种铜改性分子筛催化剂,并评价了各个催化剂的NH3选择性催化还原（NH3 SCR）性能,同时通过X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2 TPR)、CO吸附红外(CO DRIFTS)、原位红外(In situ FTIR)等实验技术研究了不同Cu zeolite催化剂的物理化学性质及其对NH3 SCR性能的影响．结果表明,Cu ZSM 5和Cu beta在150 ℃时NO转化率可达到80%左右,表现出优异的低温活性,并且催化剂的温度窗口很宽,在170～400 ℃内都能够将NO完全转化．这很可能与这2种催化剂拥有较低的起始还原温度和较高的Cu+物种含量有关．原位红外研究表明,NH3先吸附在催化剂表面的Lewis酸位（Cu n+位）和Brnsted酸位上,进而参与SCR反应,且吸附在Lewis酸位上的NH3物种有更高的低温NH3SCR活性．     

NH3-SCR反应过程中NH3和NOx在Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上的吸附特性和作用

通过离子交换法制得Cu/SAPO-34菱沸石分子筛催化剂,同时研究了NH3和NOx(NO和NO2)在该催化剂上的吸附位、吸附强度、吸附量和吸附速率,得到了不同反应气氛在Cu/SAPO-34上的吸附性能及其在NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)反应中的作用.研究采用瞬态实验、程序升温脱附(TPD)和漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)等方法进行表征实验.瞬态实验结果表明NH3是吸附性气体.程序升温脱附实验和红外漫反射实验结果表明NH3可以吸附在布朗斯特和路易斯酸性位上形成不同的NH3物种,它们显示不同的SCR活性.NH3在Cu2+上的吸附速率最快,且键强最强.NOx可以氧化并以硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐的形式吸附在CU物种上.最后,本文讨论了NH3选择性催化还原反应过程中在Cu物种上的中间物种并推测反应机理.     

Pd/Mg(Al)O催化剂上NOx的储存-还原

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了催化剂Pd/Mg(Al)O,并用XRD、TPD等手段进行了表征。考察了催化剂的NOx储存 还原性能。结果表明,NO在Pd/Mg(Al)O上的主要储存途径是Pd促进NO氧化生成NO2,NO2与Mg(Al)O作用成盐,放出NO;Pd对NO2吸附成盐影响不大。NO在Pd/Mg(Al)O上吸附储存的适宜温度为350℃。350℃下Pd/Mg(Al)O催化剂经15次储存 还原（以H2为还原剂）,NOx储存量变化不超过8％,维持在300μmol·g－1以上,N2选择性维持在94％以上。     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of the methyl radical with nitrogen oxides

The radical-molecule reaction mechanism of CH3 with NOx (x = 1, 2) has been explored theoretically at the B3LYP/6-311Gd,p and MC-QCISD (single-point) levels of theory. For the singlet potential energy surface (PES) of the CH3 + NO2 reaction, it is found that the carbon to middle nitrogen attack between CH3 and NO2 can form energy-rich adduct a (H3CNO2) with no barrier followed by isomerization to b1 (CH3ONO-trans), which can easily convert to b2 (CH3ONO-cis). Subsequently, starting from b (b1, b2), the most feasible pathway is the direct N-O bond cleavage of b (b1, b2) leading to P1 (CH3O + NO) or the 1,3-H-shift and N-O bond rupture of b1 to form P2 (CH2O + HNO), both of which may have comparable contribution to the reaction CH3 + NO2. Much less competitively, b2 can take a concerted H-shift and N-O bond cleavage to form product P3 (CH2O + HON). Because the intermediates and transition states involved in the above three channels are all lower than the reactants in energy, the CH3 + NO2 reaction is expected to be rapid, as is consistent with the experimental measurement in quality. For the singlet PES of the CH3 + NO reaction, the major product is found to be P1 (HCN + H2O), whereas the minor products are P2 (HNCO + H2) and P3 (HNC +H2O). The CH3 + NO reaction is predicted to be only of significance at high temperatures because the transition states involved in the most feasible pathways lie almost above the reactants. Compared with the singlet pathways, the triplet pathways may have less contributions to both reactions. The present study may be helpful for further experimental investigation of the title reactions.     

Plasma‐Based Pollutant Degradation in Gas Streams: Status,Examples and Outlook

The status of the research into and the application of non‐thermal plasmas for the pollutant degradation in gases is discussed, including some fundamental topics and engineering issues. Two reactor concepts, both based on dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs), are presented and investigated for various tasks. The DBD‐stack reactor shows a very good scalability and was investigated for the oxidation of NO in combustion gases (shipping diesel engine exhausts). The oxidation processes were significantly enhanced by the admixture of hydrocarbons. Significant NO conversion at low specific energy densities below 100 J/L were achieved in laboratory and test bench studies. The water falling film reactor demonstrated its feasibility for the removal of hydrocarbon pollutants from gases. Undecane, a long‐chain, harmful hydrocarbon, was decomposed. The conversion of non‐soluble compounds into soluble ones (formic acid) is a promising development towards a compact plasma‐assisted scrubbing technology. These approaches are good progress not only in the field of environmental plasma application, but also for indoor air quality, hygiene, and plasma synthesis. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Pt/Ba/TiCeO催化剂上NOx 的存储和抗硫性能研究

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了新型NO_{x储存-还原催化剂Pt/Ba/TiCeO,考察了不同反应气氛对载体和催化剂上NOx存储性能的影响,并用Ｘ射线衍射（XRD）和程序升温脱附（TPD）等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,Pt/Ba/TiCeO中TiCeO和BaO/TiCe具有较大比表面积（230m²/g和90m²/g）,Ba不仅起结构助剂作用,使催化剂的结构稳定,而且Ba的碱性又有利于NOx的吸附。Pt主要起催化氧化作用,催化NO氧化生成NO2,NO2 比NO 更容易与BaO/TiCeO成盐,促进NOx的存储。Pt/Ba/TiCeO催化剂中存在一储存活性位,它们是Ba位与TiCeO位组合。SO2对Pt/BaO/TiCeO催化剂的NOx储存性能影响较小,主要是Pt/BaO/TiCeO上形成的硫酸盐分解还原峰温度较低（410℃）,硫化物易分解还原脱除,其抗硫中毒能力较强。}     

LaMnAl11O19催化剂上生物质气化气燃烧中NH3-NOx的转化特性

采用共沉淀法制备了LaMnAl₁₁O₁₉六铝酸盐催化剂,采用XRD、BET和XPS对样品结构进行了表征,并通过模拟生物质气化气的燃烧实验和NH₃单独氧化实验,分别考察了催化燃烧和均相燃烧过程中NH₃的转化特性。利用原位漫反射红外光谱（in-situ DRIFT）法在线研究了NH₃在催化剂表面的吸附和氧化信息。结果表明,焙烧后催化剂形成磁铅石（MP）结构的六铝酸盐晶体,且具有较大的比表面积,Mn以+2、+3价形式存在晶体中。均相燃烧下模拟气中的NH₃在500℃开始反应,随之就有NO生成。催化燃烧工况下NH₃氧化曲线和模拟气中NH₃的转化曲线相差不大,NH₃的起燃温度为310℃,反应后随之就有NO生成,NO在350℃~800℃保持一个较高的浓度。NO₂的生成温度较高,并仅在较窄的温度区间内出现,在整个燃烧过程中仅检测到几个10^-6的N₂O,反应过程中有40%以上的NH₃转化成NO。DRIFT结果表明,催化剂作用下NH₃的转化遵循 -NH反应机理,即催化剂表面吸附的NH₃分解产生 -NH,-NH与氧原子（O）反应生成HNO,再进一步反应生成N₂或N₂O,或是 -NH直接与氧分子（O₂）反应生成NO。