Inter-comparison and validation of computational fluid dynamics codes in two-stage meandering channel flows

This paper presents a study in the inter-comparison and validation of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics codes which are currently used in river engineering. Finite volume codes PHOENICS, FLUENT and SSIIM; and finite element code TELEMAC3D are considered in this study. The work has been carried out by competent hydraulic modellers who are users of the codes and not involved in their development. This paper is therefore written from the perspective of independent practitioners of the techniques. In all codes, the flow calculations are performed by solving the three-dimensional continuity and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the k–ε turbulence model. The application of each code was carried out independently and this led to slightly different, but nonetheless valid, models. This is particularly seen in the different boundary conditions which have been applied and which arise in part from differences in the modelling approaches and methodology adopted by the different research groups and in part from the different assumptions and formulations implemented in the different codes. Similar finite volume meshes are used in the simulations with PHOENICS, FLUENT and SSIIM while in TELEMAC3D, a triangular finite element mesh is used. The ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering editorial policy is taken as a minimum framework for the control of numerical accuracy. In all cases, grid convergence is demonstrated and conventional criteria, such as Y⁺, are satisfied. A rigorous inter-comparison of the codes is performed using large-scale experimental data from the UK Flood Channel Facility for a two-stage meandering channel. This example data set shows complex hydraulic behaviour without the additional complications found in natural rivers. Standardised methods are used to compare each model with the available experimental data. Results are shown for the streamwise and transverse velocities, secondary flow, turbulent kinetic energy, bed shear stress and free surface elevation. They demonstrate that the models produce similar results overall, although there are some differences in the predicted flow field and greater differences in turbulent kinetic energy and bed shear stress. This study is seen as an essential first step in the inter-comparison of some of the computational fluid dynamics codes used in the field of river engineering.     

Effect of sparse basis selection on ultrasonic signal representation

Recently, adaptive sparse representations of ultrasonic signals have been utilized to improve the performance of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), a common nondestructive tool for failure analysis of microelectronic packages. The adaptive sparse representation of an ultrasonic signal is generated by decomposing it in a learned overcomplete dictionary using a sparse basis selection algorithm. Detection and location of ultrasonic echoes are then performed on the basis of the resulting redundant representation. This paper investigates the effect of sparse basis selection algorithms on ultrasonic signal representation. The overcomplete independent component analysis, focal underdetermined system solver (FOCUSS), and sparse Bayesian learning algorithms are examined. Numerical simulations are performed to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations. Experiments with ultrasonic A-scans acquired from flip-chip packages are also carried out in the study. The efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations are evaluated in terms of the different criteria that can be used to measure its performance for different SAM applications, such as waveform estimation, echo detection, echo location and C-scan imaging. The results show that the FOCUSS algorithm performs best overall.     

Analytic Representation of Volume Flow as a Function of Geometry and Pressure in a Static Physical Model of the Glottis

A static physical model of the larynx (model M5) was used to obtain a large set of volume flows as a function of symmetric glottal geometry and transglottal pressure. The measurements cover ranges of these variables relevant to human phonation. A generalized equation was created to accurately estimate the glottal volume flow given specific glottal geometries and transglottal pressures. Both the data and the generalized formula give insights into the flow behavior for different glottal geometries, especially the contrast between convergent and divergent glottal angles at different glottal diameters. The generalized equation produced a fit to the entire M5 dataset (267 points) with an average accuracy of 3.4%. The accuracy was about seven times better than that of the Ishizaka-Flanagan approach to glottal flow and about four times better than that of a pressure coefficient approach. Thus, for synthesis purposes, the generalized equation presented here should provide more realistic glottal flows (based on steady flow conditions) as suitable inputs to the vocal tract, for given values of transglottal pressure and glottal geometry. Applications of the generalized formula to pulses generated by vocal fold motions typical of those produced by the Ishizaka-Flanagan coupled-oscillator model and the more recent body-cover model of Story and Titze are also included.     

用反应窗理论研究离子与原子碰撞的态选择微分截面

基于描述低能离子与原子碰撞的分子库仑过垒模型,详细阐述了与入射离子速度相关的反应窗理论,并对影响势垒变化的平均径向速度做了修正.根据该理论,计算了C5 -He和He2 -He碰撞体系单电子俘获过程的态选择微分截面,并分别与Kamber等人和Mergel等人的实验结果进行了比较.     

超声Lamb波二次谐波发生效率分析与模式选择

在导波模式展开分析方法的基础上,提出激发效率参量来定量表征超声Lamb波积累二次谐波的发生效率。以P92钢板为例,理论计算得到了与频散曲线对应的理论激发效率参量分布图谱,从图谱中选择理论激发效率参量大小不同的两种基频Lamb波模式:纵波型S1模式和交点型A2/S2模式,分别测量这两种基频Lamb波模式在钢板中传播时产生的二次谐波信号。理论计算和实验测量结果表明,这两种基频Lamb波模式的理论和实验激发效率参量的比值基本一致,且激发效率参量较大的纵波型S1模式能激发出效率更高的二次谐波信号。研究结果表明激发效率参量可以有效的用于Lamb波二次谐波发生效率的表征及模式选择。     

Search for a lighter Higgs boson in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

Following the discovery of the Higgs boson with a mass of approximately 125 Ge V at the LHC, many studies have been performed from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints to search for a new Higgs Boson that is lighter than 125 Ge V. We explore the possibility of constraining a lighter neutral scalar Higgs boson h_1 and a lighter pseudo-scalar Higgs boson a_1 in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model by restricting the next-to-lightest scalar Higgs boson h_2 to be the one observed at the LHC after applying the phenomenological constraints and those from experimental measurements. Such lighter particles are not yet completely excluded by the latest results of the search for a lighter Higgs boson in the diphoton decay channel from LHC data. Our results show that some new constraints on the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model could be obtained for a lighter scalar Higgs boson at the LHC if such a search is performed by experimental collaborations and more data. The potentials of discovery for other interesting decay channels of such a lighter neutral scalar or pseudo-scalar particle are also discussed.     

一种抗噪声的M型星视向速度测量方法

M矮星是银河系中最普遍的恒星,它们的运动状况能提供银河系演化的线索,视向速度(RV)是反映M矮星运动状况的重要参数之一。我国的大科学工程LAMOST巡天项目已经获得了数十万M型星光谱,测量这些恒星的视向速度需要自动、高效的程序。计算M矮星视向速度的一般方法是将观测光谱与模板光谱进行交叉相关得出。然而在实际处理过程中,由于本质上的不同或者噪声的影响,一些观测光谱和模板光谱错误匹配,从而使得这些光谱的视向速度测量产生偏差。为了减少噪声等因素的影响,对于信噪比较高、但局部有较强噪声的光谱,采用统计与经验特征相结合的方法选取光谱中的有效特征段、避开噪声污染的波段计算M型星的视向速度。利用该方法对LAMOST DR3 M型星星表中的部分实测光谱测量了视向速度,将之与APOGEE星表中的对应视向速度进行了对比。结果表明该方法有效地减少了局部噪声对视向速度的影响,提高了视向速度测量的准确率。     

基于Slope/Bias算法的相近种类水果模型传递研究

为了提升便携式近红外仪器中单一水果模型应用的广泛性,创新性的将不同仪器间模型传递的思想应用在不同种类水果间可溶性固形物(soluble solid content,SSC)的模型传递。基于苹果、梨、桃三种水果在SSC含量范围、果型大小以及果皮厚度等的相近物理化学特性,提出利用简单的斜率/截距(Slope/Bias)算法对苹果SSC的偏最小二乘(partial least square,PLS)模型进行传递,仅用少量的梨和桃样品即可将苹果SSC模型应用于其SSC值的预测,更快捷方便且节约成本。对于梨样品,用35个标准样品,预测集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)值由直接预测的1.009°Brix降为0.565°Brix;对于桃样品,用40个标准样品,RMSEP由直接预测的1.726°Brix降为0.677°Brix。为了验证该模型传递方法的可行性,通过斜率/截距算法,采用梨和桃模型对其他两种水果的SSC进行预测,其中利用建立的梨SSC模型,经斜率/截距算法模型传递后,对于苹果样品,用30个标准样品,RMSEP值达到0.597°Brix,对于桃样品,用40个标准样品,RMSEP值达到0.689°Brix;利用建立的桃SSC模型,经斜率/截距算法模型传递后,对于苹果样品,用35个标准样品,RMSEP值达到0.654°Brix,对于梨样品,用30个标准样品,RMSEP值达到0.439°Brix。研究结果表明:斜率/截距(Slope/Bias)方法可用于苹果、梨、桃等相近种类水果间的模型传递,为近红外光谱仪在相似种类物质间的预测提供了新思路。     

近红外光谱分析中的变量选择算法研究进展

随着人们对近红外光谱分析技术了解的深入,人们发现通过剔除近红外光谱中的冗余变量不仅可以简化近红外光谱分析模型,提高模型的可解读性,通常还可以提高模型的预测效果及稳健性。变量选择的有效性已经在各种近红外光谱应用体系中得到了广泛的验证,发展成为了近红外光谱分析建模过程中一个越来越重要的步骤。为此,化学计量学家们近些年来开发了大量原理不同的新型变量选择算法,基于各种原理的衍生算法也层出不穷。为了让近红外光谱分析研究人员能够较为迅速地对这些算法的特点有所认识,对目前常见的各种变量选择算法的算法原理和优缺点进行了梳理。根据各种算法依据的原理不同,将目前近红外光谱领域常见的变量选择算法大致分为基于偏最小二乘模型参数,基于智能优化算法,基于连续投影策略,基于模型集群分析策略和基于变量区间等五类。在梳理的过程中,我们发现变量选择算法的发展趋势目前主要集中在以下两点：第一,算法的复杂程度不断提高;第二,不同变量选择算法之间的联用开始逐渐增多。此外,作者结合自身在应用变量选择算法时的体会和思考,还总结了变量选择算法在应用层面上存在的一些问题。例如光谱预处理方法对变量选择算法使用效果的影响,以及部分算法存在的稳定性较差,选择变量的可靠性存疑等。     

荧光高光谱结合特征波长筛选的脐橙表面农药残留快速检测

采用荧光高光谱成像技术对脐橙表面不同浓度毒死蜱和多菌灵进行判别。实验通过由氙灯光源激发的高光谱成像系统(392～998.2 nm)分别采集浓度为0, 0.5, 1, 2mg·kg^-1的毒死蜱和0, 1, 3, 5mg·kg^-1多菌灵的高光谱图像。使用ENVI软件获取样本的感兴趣区域(ROI);对原始光谱数据采用卷积平滑(SG)、标准正态标量变换(SNV)及一阶导数(FD)方法进行预处理;采用区间变量迭代空间收缩法(iVISSA)、无信息变量消除算法(UVE)和竞争性自适应加权算法(CARS)进行一次提取特征波长,二维相关光谱(2D-COS)方法进行二次提取特征波长。最后采用主成分分析与线性判别分析相结合算法(PCA-LDA)和偏最小二乘算法(PLS-DA)建立基于两次提取特征波长脐橙表面不同浓度毒死蜱和多菌灵残留的判别模型。将原始光谱数据与经过预处理的3种光谱数据进行建模分析,结果发现毒死蜱和多菌灵的光谱数据经过SG处理后模型效果最优。对经SG预处理后的毒死蜱光谱数据和多菌灵光谱数据进行特征波长一次提取,最佳特征波长分别为iVISSA法和CA...