废弃线路板化学分析采样、制样及检测方法

介绍废弃线路板中有回收价值元素和有害物质分析的采样、制样及检测技术。样品经过分类采样、剪切破碎和高温灰化制样,采用样品全分析或副批混合样分析。通过提高称样量、多次测定求平均值的办法,火试金富集-重量法测定贵金属金、银。湿法王水溶解样品,碘量法测定主体元素铜。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定其它杂质元素,被测元素质量浓度在0~10μg/mL范围内与光谱强度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9998。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%(n=5),加标回收率为97.0%~102.5%。该方法简单、快速,有效地解决了线路板样品不均匀而难采样,以及硬度、韧性强制样难,金属易包裹难分解的技术瓶颈,测定结果准确,具有代表性。该方法适用于废弃线路板化学成分分析,其它废弃电子产品检测可参考此方法。     

镍电极开路电位测定微量硼氢根离子

实验采用循环伏安法，用镍电极代替铂铑等贵金属电极测定了碱性体系中不同硼氢根离子浓度下的开路电位，得出了研究电极的开路电位（-0．355～-0．280vs.SCE／V）与微量硼氢根离子浓度的对应关系，并用于监测电解偏硼酸钠制备硼氢化钠体系中微量硼氢根离子，同时计算了该方法的误差。结果表明，测量结果的相对标准偏差为2．2％；回收率为98．4％。该法简单、快速，可测定10^-5～10^-3mol／L范围的硼氢根离子浓度。     

Examination of the statistical method in the conjugated circuit theory

Summary The recently proposed statistical method for the calculation of resonance energies in the conjugated circuit theory is tested on the example of polyacenes. It is found that for the estimation of the resonance energy with a 10% average error, the method requires a sample consisting of about 20 (randomly chosen) Kekulé structures. Further increase of the sample size gives no significant gain in the accuracy of the method.

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Überprüfung der statistischen Methode in der Konjugierten-Ring-Theorie

Zusammenfassung Die unlängst vorgeschlagene statistische Methode in der Konjugierten-Ring-Theorie (conjugated circuit theory) wird am Beispiel der Polyacene getestet. Es wurde festgestellt, daß für die Abschätzung der Resonanzenergien bei einem mittleren Fehler von 10% für diese Methode ungefähr 20 (willkürlich gewählte) Kekulé-Strukturen nötig sind. Weitere Erhöhung dieser Anzahl bringt keine signifikante Verbesserung der Genauigkeit der Methode.

     

Fluorinated compounds for advanced IC interconnect applications: a survey of chemistries and processes

The semiconductor industry is now in the early stages of an unprecedented change in materials set for the integrated circuit (IC) interconnect structure. The traditional layers of aluminum conductors and silicon dioxide dielectrics are being replaced by copper thin films and a variety of low k candidates, respectively. In many cases, fluorine confers desirable properties on either the precursors or the final films. At the same time, fluorine presents some potentially adverse effects, which have led to a so-called “fear-of-fluorine” in interconnect applications. This paper will review the proposed uses of fluorinated compounds in the interconnect structures, covering both precursors and the resulting thin films. Both the status of technical studies, and the prospects for commercial implementation, will be addressed.     

Quantum Circuit Optimization for Solving Discrete Logarithm of Binary Elliptic Curves Obeying the Nearest-Neighbor Constrained

In this paper, we consider the optimization of the quantum circuit for discrete logarithm of binary elliptic curves under a constrained connectivity, focusing on the resource expenditure and the optimal design for quantum operations such as the addition, binary shift, multiplication, squaring, inversion, and division included in the point addition on binary elliptic curves. Based on the space-efficient quantum Karatsuba multiplication, the number of CNOTs in the circuits of inversion and division has been reduced with the help of the Steiner tree problem reduction. The optimized size of the CNOTs is related to the minimum degree of the connected graph.     

Implementation of Fault-Tolerant Encoding Circuit Based on Stabilizer Implementation and “Flag” Bits in Steane Code

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an effective way to overcome quantum noise and de-coherence, meanwhile the fault tolerance of the encoding circuit, syndrome measurement circuit, and logical gate realization circuit must be ensured so as to achieve reliable quantum computing. Steane code is one of the most famous codes, proposed in 1996, however, the classical encoding circuit based on stabilizer implementation is not fault-tolerant. In this paper, we propose a method to design a fault-tolerant encoding circuit for Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) code based on stabilizer implementation and “flag” bits. We use the Steane code as an example to depict in detail the fault-tolerant encoding circuit design process including the logical operation implementation, the stabilizer implementation, and the “flag” qubits design. The simulation results show that assuming only one quantum gate will be wrong with a certain probability p, the classical encoding circuit will have logic errors proportional to p; our proposed circuit is fault-tolerant as with the help of the “flag” bits, all types of errors in the encoding process can be accurately and uniquely determined, the errors can be fixed. If all the gates will be wrong with a certain probability p, which is the actual situation, the proposed encoding circuit will also be wrong with a certain probability, but its error rate has been reduced greatly from p to p2 compared with the original circuit. This encoding circuit design process can be extended to other CSS codes to improve the correctness of the encoding circuit.     

聚龙一号驱动Z箍缩负载内爆的简化电路模型

为方便描述聚龙一号装置与Z箍缩负载的电磁耦合过程,基于大量电参数实验数据和全电路模拟分析,建立了一个简化的集总电路模型,获得了等效电压波形和等效电阻、电感等集总参量。采用水介质三板输出线出口位置的开路电压作为等效电压,进一步拟合为正弦平方函数,峰值为3.3 MV（当前驱动器充压为65 kV）,零到峰值的时间长度为102.5ns。采用简化的流阻抗模型描述磁绝缘传输线内部空间电子流的电流损失效应。将电路程序与零维负载动力学程序耦合模拟,得到了与实验结果符合的负载电流波形,尤其电流波形的前沿和峰值符合较好,分析了电磁能转化为负载动能的过程。     

带陡化间隙的触发真空开关触发源研制

针对主电极间距20 mm以上的沿面击穿型多棒极触发真空开关（TVS）,研制了开关触发源。触发源利用脉冲变压器产生脉冲高压输出,在脉冲变压器高压侧并联小容值电容并在电容后串联陡化间隙。陡化间隙的加入可以使触发源输出不受触发沿面金属蒸气沉积的影响。通过调节间隙击穿电压也可以提高电容充电电压及储存能量,从而增加TVS触发沿面被击穿时注入到其中的触发能量。使用该触发源对TVS进行导通实验,结果表明,加入陡化间隙后的触发源输出能量大幅提高且不受触发沿面金属蒸气沉积的影响,能够实现TVS的100%可靠导通。     

介质壁直线加速器加速单元间的电路耦合及解耦

中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所研发的介质壁直线加速器是基于固态脉冲形成线、GaAs光导开关和高梯度绝缘介质壁三项关键技术的新型直线脉冲加速器。在加速器调试阶段,测量出获得加速的质子束流能量远低于预期值,在排除功率源负载能力因素之后,发现脉冲功率源因连接回路引起的电路耦合效应是导致束流能量低的主要原因。基于介质壁直线加速器加速单元放电回路结构的分析,确认了加速单元之间的电路耦合的必然性。并通过测量回路电流,研究了几种不同工作模式下的电路耦合效应。结合电路耦合的特点,给出了两种基于磁芯隔离的解耦方法,并测量了这两种方法的解耦效率。     

电磁脉冲耦合效应的等效源建模及应用

结合二端口网络理论和频域电磁场混合势积分方程的矩量法,对带有电缆线屏蔽体的电磁脉冲耦合效应进行了等效源模型建模。采用全波分析提取外部电磁脉冲干扰的等效源参数,利用场路结合的方法,以调制高斯脉冲为例,实现了屏蔽体内电路板上电磁耦合效应的分析。仿真结果表明：在0.1～7.5 GHz频带范围内,构建的电磁干扰等效源模型与商业软件仿真结果吻合得很好,可以为复杂电磁脉冲耦合效应的定量分析提供了一种有效便捷的研究方法,为电路工作安全防护提供理论参考。