Preparation and adsorption properties of crosslinked polystyrene-supported low-generation diethanolamine-typed dendrimer for metal ions

Two novel chelating resins, polystyrene supported G1.0 diethanolamine-typed dendrimer (PS-DEA) and G2.0 diethanolamine-typed dendrimer (PS-(DEA)₂), were prepared by anchoring low-generations diethanolamine-typed dendrimer into crosslinked polystyrene in this paper. Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis were employed to character their structures. The results of adsorption for metal ions showed that the resins had good adsorption capacities for Cu²⁺, Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺, especially PS-DEA for Cu²⁺. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of PS-DEA for Cu²⁺ and PS-(DEA)₂ for Hg²⁺ were studied. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics of the two resins can be modeled by pseudo second-order rate equation wonderfully and Langmuir and Freundlich equations could well interpret the adsorption of PS-(DEA)₂ for Hg²⁺ and PS-DEA for Cu²⁺, respectively. The adsorption mechanism of the resins for Cu²⁺ was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).     

New analytical procedure based on a cellulose bag and ionic exchanger with p-aminobenzoic acid groups for differentiation of labile and inert metal species in aquatic systems

A new procedure was developed for the in situ characterization of the lability of metal species in aquatic systems by using a system equipped with a diffusion membrane and cellulose organomodified with p-aminobenzoic acid groups (DM-Cell-PAB). To this end, the DM-Cell-PAB system was prepared by adding cellulose organomodified with p-aminobenzoic acid groups (Cell-PAB) to pre-purified cellulose bags. After the DM-Cell-PAB system was sealed, it was examined in the laboratory to evaluate the influence of complexation time, mass of exchanger, pH, metal ions (Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni), and concentration of organic matter on the relative lability of metal species. It was found that the pH and kinetics strongly influence the process of metal complexation by the DM-Cell-PAB system. At all pH levels, Cd, Mn, and Ni showed lower complexation with Cell-PAB resin than Cu and Fe metals. Note that relative lability of metals complexed to aquatic humic substances (AHS) in the presence of Cell-PAB resin showed the following order: Cu≅Fe≫Ni>Mn=Cd. The results presented here also indicate that increasing the AHS concentration decreases the lability of metal species by shifting the equilibrium to AHS–metal complexes. Our results indicate that the system under study offers an interesting alternative that can be applied to in situ experiments for differentiation of labile and inert metal species in aquatic systems.     

Single-crystal micro/nanostructures and thin films of lamellar molybdenum oxide by solid-state pyrolysis of organometallic derivatives of a cyclotriphosphazene

The solid-state pyrolysis of organometallic derivatives of a cyclotriphosphazene is demonstrated to be a new, simple and versatile solid-state templating method for obtaining single-crystal micro- and nanocrystals of transition and valve metal oxides. The technique, when applied to Mo-containing organometallics N₃P₃[OC₆H₄CH₂CN·Mo(CO)₅]₆ and N₃P₃[OC₆H₄CH₂CN·Mo(CO)₄ py]₆, results in stand-alone and surface-deposited lamellar MoO₃ single crystals, as determined by electron and atomic force microscopies and X-ray diffraction. The size and morphology of the resulting crystals can be tuned by the composition of the precursor. X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies indicate that the deposition of highly lamellar MoO₃ directly on an oxidized (400 nm SiO₂) surface or (100) single-crystal silicon surfaces yields a layered uniphasic single-crystal film formed by cluster diffusion on the surface during pyrolysis of the metal-carbonyl derivatives. For MoO₃ in its layered form, this provides a new route to an important intercalation material for high energy density battery materials.     

Cu nanoparticles incorporated polypyrrole modified GCE for sensitive simultaneous determination of dopamine and uric acid

Cu nanoparticles have been electrochemically incorporated polypyrrole film that was used for modification of the glassy carbon electrode surface. The performance of the electrode has been characterized by cyclic voltammetry and atomic force microscopy. The electrode has shown high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) simultaneously in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.00). The electrocatalytic oxidation currents of UA and DA were found linearly related to concentration over the range 1 × 10⁻⁹ to 1 × 10⁻⁵ M for UA and 1 × 10⁻⁹ to 1 × 10⁻⁷ M for DA using DPVs method. The detection limits were determined as 8 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (s/n = 3) for UA and 8.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (s/n = 3) for DA at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.     

激光诱导铝纳米膜熔化机理的分子动力学模拟

采用耦合一维双温模型的分子动力学方法研究了纳米级的铝膜在飞秒激光辐照下的熔化机制.这种方法不仅能够在原子水平上展现金属膜的各种微观行为,还能有效地描述金属膜的激光能量吸收、传递和金属电子热传导等过程.模拟结果表明,与其它金属相比,铝膜在飞秒激光辐照下的电子温度、晶格温度以及内部压力等呈现出不同的变化.铝膜在较高强度激光辐照下会很快发生全局一致的熔化,这与镍膜上下非均匀的熔化不同.并且由于铝的电子-声子耦合强度较高导致铝膜较镍膜和金膜熔化得更快.模拟结果显示,铝膜的熔化时间与实验测量的超快激光诱导的铝膜熔化时间一致.进而从理论上支持激光诱导的铝膜熔化是一个热力学熔化过程.     

NiCo2O4对H2O2在碱性溶液中电化学还原反应的催化行为

利用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米NiCo2O4,并利用X射线衍射和透射电镜分析其结构和表面形貌. 结果表明NiCo2O4具有尖晶石结构, 平均粒径约为15 nm. 利用电势线性扫描和恒电势法测定了其对H2O2在碱性溶液中电化学还原反应的催化性能. 发现NiCo2O4对H2O2电化学还原具有高的催化活性和稳定性, 在H2O2浓度低于0.6 mol·L-1时, 其电化学还原反应主要通过直接还原途径进行. 以NiCo2O4为阴极催化剂的Al-H2O2半燃料电池在室温下的开路电压达1.6 V; 在1.0 mol·L-1 H2O2溶液中, 峰值功率密度达209 mW·cm-2, 此时电流密度为220 mA·cm-2.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定催干剂中金属元素含量

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了不同种类催干剂中9种金属元素,即钴、锰、铅、钙、锌、钒、锆、镧和铈。样品置于聚四氟乙烯溶样罐中加入浓硝酸及高氯酸,盖紧罐盖后按预设程序分两步进行微波加热,加压消解,所得溶液稀释至一定体积供ICP-AES分析。对上述元素的谱线中选择合适的谱线作分析线,达到了9元素的同时测定。同混合标准溶液制备各元素的工作曲线,其线性范围均在100.0 mg·L~(-1)以内。以一催干剂样品为基体,用标准加入法作回收试验,测得回收率在93.8%～109.9%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.11%～1.56%之间。不同来源的5个催干剂样品的分析结果表明所测得的金属元素的类别和含量显著差异。试验还证实所提出的方法具有操作快速、简单、方便,适合应用于日常分析工作。     

螯合树脂S930对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能与作用机理研究

通过静态吸附和动态吸附研究系统分析了螯合树脂S930对单组分与双组分体系中Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附行为,经结构表征(FT-IR、XPS)与软硬酸碱理论(HASB)深入探讨了3种金属离子在S930树脂上的作用机理。结果表明,树脂吸附金属离子的最佳pH值为5.0左右,且对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,而对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程符合Freundlich方程。吸附过程在6h左右达到平衡,且符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型,表明化学作用是吸附速率决定步骤。Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的动态吸附过程符合Thomas模型。FT-IR、XPS及HASB同时证明树脂对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的作用包括离子交换与配位作用,而对Cd(Ⅱ)的作用以离子交换为主,是树脂对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附选择性较差的主要原因。