NIST transmission density instrument

The Optical Technology Division of NIST has developed a new instrument for measuring ISO standard visual diffuse transmission densities using the diffuse influx mode. This instrument is used to calibrate both X-ray and photographic film step tablet Standard Reference Materials. The design, characterization, and operation of the instrument are detailed. The instrument was fully characterized both to verify compliance with the applicable international standards and to determine the combined uncertainty in transmission density associated with the calibrations. Results from comparisons with other laboratories are also presented.     

Ultrathin Multilayer Films Incorporating Keggin-type Heteropolyanion Clusters

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the fabrication of self-assembled ultrathin multilayer films, because of their availability to form nanostructured materials with tailored architecture and properties1. The layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly, initially developed for pairs of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes2, is an unusually simple and versatile technique to built up of ultrathin multilayer films. A special feature of the multilayer films is that the composition, t…     

Perspectives in the Development of High-Temperature Polymers

Research on high-temperature organic polymers was initiated in the late 1950s primarily to meet the needs of the aerospace and electronics industry. Since then, many different heat-resistant polymer systems have been reported, of which several are now commercially available. These polymers are used in many diverse applications such as circuitry in microelectronic components, coatings on cookware, binders in brake systems, sealants for fuel tanks in high-speed aircraft, gears in copying machines, structural components in high-speed aircraft, and space vehicles, films and wire coatings for electrical insulation. Worldwide use for high-temperature polymers in 1988 was estimated at 90 million kilograms with a value of $ 2.3 billion. This market is expected to double by the end of this decade. The major polymer classes discussed in the present paper are polyimides and poly(aryl ethers).     

Study on the Collapse of Pin-Reinforced Foam Sandwich Panel Cores

New fabrication technologies now allow for hybrid sandwich structures, known as X-core, to be manufactured. The X-core panels consist of a pin reinforced polymer foam core with carbon fiber face sheets. Carbon fiber or metallic (Titanium/Steel) pins are inserted into the foam core in the out-of-plane direction and extend from face sheet to face sheet. The through thickness three-point simply supported bending behavior of these panels is used to evaluate the collapse characteristics of the panels. Explicit experimental observations are used to calibrate analytical energy balance models describing the panel collapse as a function of geometry and properties. The mechanical response of X-core sandwich panels is compared to current sandwich materials for material selection.     

高压下硝基甲烷分子温度的密度泛函计算

用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2P)计算水平上对硝基甲烷分子进行了结构优化、频率和热化学分析.发现:在相同温度条件下改变压强,分子熵函数产生了改变,当温度和压强条件相同时,对于不同物质熵函数的改变是相同的.以热力学理论中麦克斯韦关系为基础,通过计算等温过程中分子的熵函数对压强的变化率,用数值拟合方法得到不同压强条件下分子温度的表达式:T=T0+(1-B)[18.3858+0.5392P]V0,式中T0、V0分别表示分子系统初态的温度和体积,T、V分别表示系统在末态的温度和体积,B是体积的压缩比.在选定参数的情况下该表达式可以计算不同压强条件下CHNO含能材料的分子温度.同时,以硝基甲烷为验证,选取基本参数V0和B,计算其在C-J条件对应的爆压14GPa下,分子温度为3461K,对应爱因斯坦温度,相当于3228cm-1的能量,在实验中该能量足以激发硝基甲烷分子内振动能量重新分配过程,有可能激发C-N键的红外振动而引起单分子分解反应的发生.因此,此表达式可用于预测含能材料撞击点火过程单分子分解可能的反应通道.