A forbidden induced subgraph characterization of distance-hereditary 5-leaf powers

A graph G is a k-leaf power if there is a tree T such that the vertices of G are the leaves of T and two vertices are adjacent in G if and only if their distance in T is at most k. In this situation T is called a k-leaf root of G. Motivated by the search for underlying phylogenetic trees, the notion of a k-leaf power was introduced and studied by Nishimura, Ragde and Thilikos and subsequently in various other papers. While the structure of 3- and 4-leaf powers is well understood, for k≥5 the characterization of k-leaf powers remains a challenging open problem.In the present paper, we give a forbidden induced subgraph characterization of distance-hereditary 5-leaf powers. Our result generalizes known characterization results on 3-leaf powers since these are distance-hereditary 5-leaf powers.     

复合支持向量机方法及其在光谱分析中的应用

SVC和SVR是支持向量机研究的两个主要问题。文章把两种建模方法相结合,先由SVC模型判别分类,后由各类的局部SVR模型进行定量分析,提出了复合支持向量机(CSVM)方法。根据71个试验小区的水稻冠层高光谱与叶片含氮量建立定量分析模型,考证了CSVM算法。基于模拟研究的思想,随机划分建模集和预测集,比例为55∶16。经过5次划分试验,复合支持向量机方法建模对叶片含氮量的预测值与凯氏定氮实际值之间的平均相关系数为0.89,平均绝对误差为0.088;而传统的支持向量机方法得到的平均相关系数为0.87,平均绝对误差为0.091。由此可见,复合支持向量机方法相对于传统的支持向量机方法预测精度有所提高。文章研究方法的提出为化学计量学定量分析研究给出了新的思路。     

高光谱分析叶菜对颗粒物污染的响应特征规律

大气中的颗粒物不仅影响人类生活,还影响植物的光合作用、生长发育和产量品质。实现了颗粒物污染环境的人工模拟,并对采收期的小白菜、生菜、小油菜三种叶菜进行颗粒物作用试验,获取叶片的光合生理信息和高光谱数据,基于高光谱技术和植物表型分析叶菜对颗粒物的响应机理,研究叶菜的光合特性和光谱特征对颗粒物污染的响应情况。结果表明：以颗粒物作为唯一差别条件下,三种叶菜叶片的高光谱曲线整体趋势相同,在可见光波段内试验组反射率增加最大,红边位置发生蓝移,小油菜对颗粒物的作用最敏感,小白菜吸附颗粒物的能力最强。分别比较三种叶菜的净光合速率与叶片原始光谱、一阶导数光谱的相关性,利用相关分析法提取三种叶菜的敏感波段,用原始光谱、FD、MSC和相关分析法提取特征波长;比较10个高光谱特征参数及4个植被指数与净光合速率的相关系数,选出敏感光谱特征参数和植被指数,即生菜的Dr,SDr,SDr/SDb和SDr/Sdy,小白菜的SDr,Dy,NIRRP,(SDr-SDy)/(SDr+SDy)以及小油菜的λr,SDy,(SDr-SDy)/(SDr+SDy)。用ln对数运算、多项式函数以及几种组合方法建立三种叶菜叶片的净光合速率定量反演模型,其中,预处理方法采用SG,FD,SD和MSC,建模方法采用CLS,PLS,PCR和SMLR。以相关系数为模型评价指标,最终确定FD+SG+PLS方法是建立生菜和小白菜净光合速率反演模型的最优方法,FD+SG+MSC+SMLR方法是建立小油菜净光合速率反演模型的最优方法。所建模型可为今后颗粒物污染环境下的模型修正提供参考,具有实用性。研究结果为利用高光谱技术研究叶菜类蔬菜在颗粒物污染环境下的诊断与分析提供理论依据,为设施农业蔬菜的病害预警、生理信息监测、设施环境的净化和管控提供新思路。     

The influence of tissue phosphate on plant flammability: A kinetic study

The concentration of phosphate (P) in leaves is an important indicator of the ecological strategy of a plant species. P is also a fire retardant, which if effective at the low concentrations typical of plant tissue may influence wildfire behaviour, but the size of such effects is unknown.We studied two mechanisms of P fire retardance, gas-phase and solid-phase, using samples of pure cellulose with controlled quantities of added P. The gas-phase mechanism was not detectable at P concentrations found in plants. However, significant solid-phase effects led to increased charring and reduced supply of flammable tars to the flame. Activation energies were not significantly altered, but pre-exponential constants for charring and tar production were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. These data provide a basis for mechanistically modelling the influence of ecological variation in P on the behaviour of wildfires around individual plants and across vegetation boundaries.     

Improvement in mechanical properties and biocompatibility of biosynthetic bacterial cellulose/lotus root starch composites

Bacterial cellulose/lotus root starch (BC/LRS) composites were prepared by cultivating Acetobacter xylinum in nutrient media containing gelatinized lotus root starch. Low concentrations of gelatinized LRS had increased BC production with the maximum value at 6.67 g/L when 5 g/L of LRS was added in the culture media and the composites had thicker and denser fibrils compared with those of BC with low concentrations of LRS (2.5 and 5 g/L). When the concentration of LRS was increased above 7.5 g/L, the morphology of the BC/LRS composites contained more fibril layers that were linked with LRS. The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that there was no significant difference in structure between BC and BC/LRS composites except a slight increase in crystallinity for BC/LRS composites as the concentration of LRS was lifted up. The tensile tests were performed to display BC/LRS composites prepared with LRS concentration at 2.5 and 5 g/L in media had the tensile strength of 54 and 60 MPa, respectively, which indicated an improvement in mechanical property compared to the unmodified BC (45 MPa). Live/dead assay with chondrocytes seeded on BC/LRS composite revealed higher cell viability ranging from 85% to 90% than BC. Furthermore, cell morphology with typical spindle shape was observed on the surfaces of BC/LRS composite by confocal microscope. Through the overall results, it shows that this study has provided a guidance to prepare BC/LRS composites with better cell biocompatibility and higher mechanical strength than those of BC for the potential use in cartilage tissue engineering.     

Direct ionization methods in mass spectrometry: An overview

Within this paper a sub-group of ambient ionization mass spectrometry namely direct ionization mass spectrometry techniques are reviewed. They are characterized by the generation of an electrospray directly from the sample investigated. Prominent representatives include paper spray mass spectrometry, tissue spray mass spectrometry, probe electrospray ionization or thin-layer chromatography mass spectrometry. Applications of all major direct ionization techniques within different fields such as biomedical analysis, analysis of natural products, analysis of technical products and food analysis, just to name a few, are discussed and relevant parameters are listed in five Tables.     

Carbon isotopic analyses for source apportionment studies of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane

We investigated the environmental water sources used in mid-summer by three Sonoran Desert phreatophytic riparian tree species, Salix gooddingii, Populus fremontii, and the exotic Tamarix spp., at sites that differed in water table depth. Salix gooddingii was most sensitive to water table decline, as evidenced by lower predawn water potentials. Although P. fremontii was less sensitive to water table decline than S. gooddingii, its leaf gas exchange was the most responsive to atmospheric water stress imposed by high leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit. Tamarix spp. was least sensitive to water table decline and showed no reduction of predawn water potential over the measured range of depth to groundwater. Comparison between D/H of xylem and sampled environmental water sources suggest that S. gooddingii and P. fremontii used groundwater at most sites with no change in water source as depth to groundwater varied. In contrast, xylem D/H of Tamarix spp. was depleted in deuterium compared to groundwater at most sites, suggesting use of water from an unsampled source, or discrimination against deuterium during water uptake. This study highlights the difficulty in sampling all water sources in large-scale studies of riparian ecosystems with complex subsurface hydrogeology.     

基于红边位置提取验证成像与非成像高光谱数据的一致性

定量遥感是当前遥感发展的前沿,作物组分信息解析是农业定量遥感的研究热点,而成像高光谱技术为解决微观尺度的作物组分信息探测研究提供了强有力的手段.利用成像光谱仪( pushbroom imaging spectrometer,PIS)与地物光谱仪(FieldSpec ProFR2500,ASD)同步收集冬小麦、玉米不同生...     

Determination of Lotus Leaf Alkaloids by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection

Lotus (nelumbo) is a traditional Chinese medical herb, and alkaloids are responsible for its pharmaceutical activities. Therefore, a rapid, validated method to determine alkaloids in lotus leaves is useful for its quality control. The goal of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the identification and quantitation of the bioactive alkaloids of extracts from lotus leaf and classification of lotus germplasm based on alkaloid concentrations. Solid-phase extraction was used prior to high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection at 272 nm and tandem electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for analysis. Nuciferine and O-nornuciferine were the dominant compounds in lotus used for seed production and some used for flower production. However, anonaine, roemerine, and N-nornuciferine were abundant only in some lotus flowers. All the lotuses were classified into four groups by principal component analysis of alkaloid content: 10 flower and three seed lotuses characterized by high nuciferine and O-nornuciferine content; 12 flower lotuses with high N-nornuciferine, roemerine, and anonaine content; two flower lotuses with a relatively high content of all five alkaloids; and cultivars with a low alkaloid content and without dominant alkaloids.     

北京一号,环境星,Landsat TM传感器估算草地覆盖度、叶面积指数、地上生物量比较研究

以京津风沙源区的草地为研究对象,选取中国自主B J-1、HJ数据及国外应用最为广泛的LandsatTM为数据源,结合地面同步实测草地植被覆盖度、叶面积指数和地上生物量数据,系统比较三个传感器在草地生理参数估算方面的差异与能力.研究结果表明:(1)HJ-1B与Landsat TM的红光波段与草地生理参量有更高相关性,而B J-1相对较弱,但BJ-1近红外波段在草地生理参量遥感估算上明显优于HJ-1B与Landsat TM; (2)Landsat TM的植被指数在估测草地生理参量时好于HJ-1B与BJ-1数据,HJ-1B植被指数的表现优于BJ-1;(3)相对于植被指数,全波段多元回归模型可以提升草地生理参量估测精度,基于Landsat TM与HJ-1B的提升效果微弱,而基于BJ-1数据的估算精度有明显提高,其中基于BJ-1估算叶面积指数达到了最高精度(R2 =0.61,RMSEP=0.15).总体来说,自主国产遥感数据有其自己特色,可供深入研究及推广应用的潜力很大.