镧对镉离子胁迫下黑曲霉抗氧化酶活性变化的影响

分别应用含有120μmol·L-1 La3+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2+,100μmol·L-1 Cd2+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+,100μmol·L-1Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+的培养基培养黑曲霉,3 d后测定黑曲霉菌球的生物量及其胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性及脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的变化。结果表明,50和100μmol.L-1Cd2+降低了黑曲霉生物量和五种抗氧化酶活性,并诱导了MDA产物的升高。与Cd2+单一处理比较,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+和100μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+处理组均不同程度上诱导了五种抗氧化酶活性的升高,并降低了MDA的积累水平。其中,120μmol·L-1 La3+对50μmol·L-1 Cd2+氧化胁迫的缓解效应明显高于100μmol·L-1 Cd2+。因此,La对黑曲霉中低剂量Cd胁迫的缓解效应比较显著,而对高剂量Cd的拮抗效应不明显。     

Experimental studies of biomass gasification with air

In this work,experimental studies of biomass gasification under different operating conditions were carried out in an updraft gasifier combined with a copper slag reformer.The influence of gasification temperature,equivalence ratio(ER) and copper slag catalyst addition on gas production and tar yield were investigated.The experimental results showed that the content of H2 and CO,gas yield and LHV increased,while the tar yield and the content of CO2,CH4 and C2Hx in the gas product decreased with the temperature.At 800C,with the increase of ER,the LHV,the tar yield and the content of H2,CO,CH4 and C2Hx in gas products decreased,while the gas yield and the content of CO2 increased.Copper slag was introduced into the secondary reformer for tar decomposition.The Fe3O4 phase in the fresh copper slag was reduced to FeO(Fe2+) and metallic Fe by the gas product.Fe species(FeO and metallic Fe) acted as the active sites for tar catalytic decomposition.The catalytic temperature had a significant influence on tar conversion and the composition of the gas product.Typically,the tar conversion of about 17%-54% could be achieved when the catalytic temperature was varied from 750 to 950 C.Also,the content of H2 and CO increased with the catalytic temperature,while that of CO2,CH4 and C2Hx in the gas product decreased.It was demonstrated that copper slag was a good catalyst for upgrading the gas product from biomass gasification.     

生物质半焦与煤混合气化协同作用的动力学研究

在热重分析仪上进行了稻秆半焦和神府煤与CO₂非等温混合气化实验,升温速率20℃/min,终温1200℃。实验结果表明,两种燃料在热解阶段符合加权计算规律,但是在超过800℃的高温气化阶段具有显著的协同作用。与不考虑协同作用的计算结果相比,添加稻秆半焦的煤焦气化反应速率提高,气化反应结束温度降低26℃,最大失重速率提高22%。协同作用的主要原因是稻秆半焦中碱金属具有催化作用,通过动力学分析表明混合气化活化能比煤焦单独气化要低。     

燕麦秸秆燃烧灰中矿物质分布及沉积行为

在自行设计的沉降炉内研究了燕麦秸秆燃烧灰中矿物质分布及沉积行为。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱(SEM/EDS)及电子探针X射线显微(EPMA)对850℃下不同燃烧时间的沉积物进行分析,并结合化学热力学平衡计算,结果表明,燕麦秸秆燃烧的沉积物形成是碱金属挥发黏结作用使大小不同的燃料球团形成,内部伴随着氧化反应从而形成表面孔洞。钾长石是沉积物形成中起黏结和支撑作用的"骨架"的主要组成部分,在燕麦秸秆燃烧初始沉积中有重要作用。K、Al的分布密集而广泛,Na在一定程度上会促进K的活性,表面的部分碱金属逐渐挥发至气相,Fe、Ca、Mg等的相关化合物不断填充沉积物孔隙使其致密、硬化,最终各元素较均匀地分配。     

自由落下床中生物质与煤共热解的协同效应对焦油组成的影响

利用溶剂萃取-柱层析方法,将自由落下床中豆秸与大雁褐煤共热解以及单种原料热解的液体产品分为沥青烯、酚类、脂肪烃类、芳香烃类和极性物等组分。结果表明,共热解的沥青烯产率为11.4%,低于根据煤和生物质单独热解的质量加权平均计算值19.0%,且芳香性增大;与计算值相比,低分子量的酚类、甲基苯酚、二甲基苯酚及其衍生物的含量提高了5%;而且长侧链的脂肪烃含量减少。共热解焦油的芳香类组分中十氢萘的质量分数是43.37%,但其在单一原料热解焦油中并没有被检测到。热解油分析结果表明,自由落下床生物质与煤快速共热解过程中存在协同效应,其主要原因是,发生氢解和加氢反应。煤与生物质共热解有利于产生低分子量的化合物,改善油品的质量。     

Assessing Impacts of Nutrient Competition on the Chemical Composition of Individual Microalgae Species

Microalgae cells can chemically adapt to ambient conditions. In this study, it has been hypothesized that the microalgal species composition could include the mechanism thought to cause changes in the cell content. An FTIR-spectroscopic measurement technique has been developed in this study for investigations of this hypothesis. Experiments were based on culturing microalgae species individually followed by comparing their spectroscopic signatures to the same species cultured under the same ambient conditions in mixtures. While keeping all other parameters the same, any significant spectroscopic shifts between the single-species cultures and the mixed cultures were then attributed to competition effects. These spectroscopic analyses were performed on Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella parva, and Nannochlorpsis oculata. These cells were exposed to concentration series of bicarbonate (C-source), ammonium (N-source), and nitrate (an alternative N-source). It has been shown that there are significant chemical shifts when species are cultured together versus individually, but it was also observed that adaptations of the cells’ chemical composition are not random. In this study, it has also been investigated whether there are species and nutrient independent patterns in such competition processes or whether these effects are purely species and nutrient type dependent. Examples for both scenarios are given but the main focus of this study was to demonstrate that such competition-driven effects on the biomass exist and that they are significant enough to require consideration in chemical analyses of microalgae.

Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Analytical Letters to view the supplemental files.     

氢气和合成气下生物质高压液化过程的实验研究

在小型高压反应釜中以四氢萘为溶剂,氢气和合成气为液化反应气,通过对不同液化条件下所得液化产物的收率及性质分析,考察了不同液化条件（反应温度、反应时间、反应气压力）对锯屑高压液化行为的影响;同时在相同液化条件下,通过液化产物收率和性质的分析,考察了气氛对锯屑高压液化行为的影响,探讨了用合成气代替氢气进行液化的可行性。结果表明,在氢气和合成气气氛下,随着反应温度的升高、反应时间的延长或反应压力的提高,液化油的收率都是增加的,但各种条件对液化油收率的影响程度不同。温度影响最大,时间影响次之,而液化气压力的影响最小。其他液化条件完全相同的情况下,氢气和合成气下所得产物的收率及性质相近,用合成气代替氢气液化具有可行性。在此条件下优化的液化反应条件为,以四氢萘为溶剂,反应温度为300℃,气体压力为2MPa,反应时间为30min,转化率为75.1%,液化油收率高达48.4%。     

A novel knotted cotton-thread carrier: its potential use in achieving the biomass renewal of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in an immobilized growth system

In order to achieve an innovative strategy to renew the biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in an immobilized growth system which can maintain white-rot fungi biomass, a novel knotted cotton-thread carrier was designed and made. By using a high-speed stirring apparatus under the conditions of 1400 r/min stirring speed for 6 min, mycelia immobilized on the knotted cotton-thread carriers were exfoliated completely and homogenized to a proper size. Furthermore, the homogenized mycelia from the immobilized mycelia can resume their growth on the knotted cotton-thread carriers in agitated flask cultures. The average regrowth biomass on the new carriers and the reused carriers was 0.0171 g/carrier and 0.0314 g/carrier, respectively. It proves that the knotted cotton-thread carrier performs perfectly in homogening the immobilized mycelia to achieve the biomass renewal of P. chrysosporium in an immobilized growth system. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 206770 33)     

Added-Value Chemicals from Lignin Oxidation

Lignin is the second most abundant component, next to cellulose, in lignocellulosic biomass. Large amounts of this polymer are produced annually in the pulp and paper industries as a coproduct from the cooking process—most of it burned as fuel for energy. Strategies regarding lignin valorization have attracted significant attention over the recent decades due to lignin’s aromatic structure. Oxidative depolymerization allows converting lignin into added-value compounds, as phenolic monomers and/or dicarboxylic acids, which could be an excellent alternative to aromatic petrochemicals. However, the major challenge is to enhance the reactivity and selectivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerization and prevent condensation reactions. This review includes a comprehensive overview of the main contributions of lignin valorization through oxidative depolymerization to produce added-value compounds (vanillin and syringaldehyde) that have been developed over the recent decades in the LSRE group. An evaluation of the valuable products obtained from oxidation in an alkaline medium with oxygen of lignins and liquors from different sources and delignification processes is also provided. A review of C₄ dicarboxylic acids obtained from lignin oxidation is also included, emphasizing catalytic conversion by O₂ or H₂O₂ oxidation.     

生物质高压密相输送特性试验研究

生物质气流床气化技术是一项新技术,生物质加压密相输送是需要解决的关键问题之一。本文在大型中试高压密相试验装置上进行两种特殊生物质粉料的输送试验,研究物料特性和操作参数对其流动特性的影响。试验结果表明,本试验系统输送生物质稳定可靠,质量流量随着输送差压和发料罐压力的升高增大。随表观气速增大两种生物质弯管当量长度系数K近似为定值,生物质1的K值大于生物质2,且生物质1的K值随输送差压的增加而增大;两种生物质的固相摩擦系数随着体积分数和接收罐压力的增大逐渐增大。