煤焦与生物质焦共气化反应特性研究

以晋城无烟煤和生物质(肉骨粉Meat and Bone Meal:MBM)为原料,在固定床上采用快速热解法制备了煤和生物质焦样。采用扫描电子显微镜结合X射线能谱分析仪(SEM-EDX)分析了煤焦和MBM焦的表面形态和组成;在热天平上采用等温热重法进行了煤焦/MBM焦混合物的水蒸气气化研究。实验结果表明,煤/MBM焦混合物的共气化实验碳转化率高于两者不存在协同作用时的计算值,这是由于MBM焦含有较多的Na、Ca等元素,这些物质对煤焦气化起到了催化作用。当对MBM焦进行脱灰处理后,其气化反应性显著下降。混合物中MBM焦的质量分数在20%~80%时,随着MBM焦含量的增加,混合物中的煤焦反应性相应提高。     

富氧条件下生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂高选择性还原氮氧化物

研究了富氧环境中生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂选择性还原氮氧化物的性能。结果表明,与煤基（褐煤）活性炭负载钾催化剂相比,生物质基（木屑）活性炭负载钾催化剂表现出高选择性还原NO能力,在2 h恒温稳态实验过程中能够保持80%的NO还原效率,而C-O₂反应活性仅为18%。X射线衍射、比表面积、X射线光电子能谱以及程序升温脱附实验表征结果显示,生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂优异的选择性还原NO性能应归因于炭表面钾物种的高度分散性,这与催化剂的高比表面积以及大量的表面氧基团有关。另外,生物质基炭材料还原NO反应产物中具有较高的CO₂选择性。     

催化裂化生物质焦油构成变化

利用层析法对生物质焦油进行分析,比较了不同来源、不同裂化工况处理后焦油族分构成的差异,并对催化裂化过程机理进行探讨。生物质原料组成的不同导致热解焦油构成的差异,木屑焦油中芳香类和极性物的质量分数高于稻杆和稻壳焦油,热解温度越高产生的焦油芳香性越大。催化裂化后,芳香类族分在焦油中的质量分数增长近1倍,其他族分的质量分数出现不同幅度的下降,裂化温度950℃以上时,芳香类的质量分数已达50％。芳香类的转化速度较小,还存在其他族分向芳香类的转化,引起裂化后焦油芳香化程度增大,且这种趋势随焦油转化程度的增大而更为明显。     

Study on the combustion kinetic characteristics of biomass tar under catalysts

TG and DTA experiments were performed to investigate the biomass tar combustion behavior in coexistence of dolomite and mayenite at two different heating rates as 5 and 15°C min⁻¹. Different reaction kinetic mechanisms with the classical Arrhenius model were used to treat TG data, and showed that the first-order combustion model fitted the data well. Three stages combustion model was proposed and applied for the calculation of kinetics parameters successfully. The starting temperature of high temperature combustion stage moved up near 100°C because of the coexistence catalysts, and the combustion amount of biomass of the stage also improved nearly 10 mass%. By calculation a uniform trend of decreasing activation energies was observed with the addition of dolomite and mayenite, and also greatly improved the amount and speed of tar combustion process.     

Carbon nanospheres with well‐controlled nano‐morphologies as support for palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction

Uniform carbon nanospheres (UCS) with well‐controlled nano‐morphologies were fabricated by hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose in the presence of kayexalate. Highly dispersed and ultrafine palladium nanoparticles were supported on the UCS through a facile co‐reduction process with NaBH₄ as reducing agent. The obtained Pd@UCS exhibited efficient catalytic activity for the Suzuki coupling reaction. Moreover, the as‐prepared catalyst could be recycled and reused at least five times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Lignin‐based polymers via graft copolymerization

Lignin is an important source of synthetic materials because of its abundance in nature, low cost, stable supply, and no competition to the human food supply. Lignin, a cross‐linked phenolic polymer, contains a large number of aromatic groups that can be used as a substitute for petroleum‐based aromatic fine chemicals. However, modification of lignin is necessary for its application in advanced materials due to its chemically inert nature and structural complexity. Polymeric modification of lignin via graft copolymerization represents an important avenue for modification because this method forms stable covalent bond linkages between lignin and synthetic functional polymers. In this review, we discuss recent synthetic strategies toward polymeric modification of lignin using graft copolymerization and the special properties and applications of the produced lignin copolymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 3515–3528     

Sound absorption properties of polyurethane foams derived from crude glycerol and liquefied coffee grounds polyol

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the sound absorption properties of rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) produced from crude glycerol (CG) and/or liquefied coffee grounds derived polyol (POL). The lignin content of POL proved to have a major influence on the structure and mechanical properties of the foams. Indeed, the POL content increased the cell size of the foams and their stiffness, which subsequently influenced the sound absorption coefficients. The POL derived foam has slightly higher sound absorption coefficient values at lower frequencies, while the CG foam has higher sound absorption coefficient values at higher frequencies. In turn, the foam prepared using a 50/50 mixture of polyols presents slightly higher sound absorption coefficient values in the medium frequencies range due to a balance between the cell structure and the mechanical properties. The results obtained seem to suggest that the mechanisms involved in sound wave absorption depend on the formulation used to prepare the foams. Additionally higher POL contents improved the thermal stability of PUFs as well as their mechanical properties. From this work the suitability of CG and/or POL derived PUFs as sound absorbing materials has been proven.     

生物质与烟煤混合灰熔融特性影响因素的研究

为探究气氛、混合比及残炭含量对生物质与煤混合灰熔融特性的影响,将松木屑灰与乌海烟煤灰按不同质量比混合,采用智能灰熔点仪测定各混合灰样在不同气氛下的灰熔融温度,X射线衍射仪从矿物质演变角度分析混合灰熔融温度变化的原因。结果表明,由于铁尖晶石和铁橄榄石的生成,使混合灰的熔融温度在弱还原性气氛下比氧化性气氛下低,且差值的大小与混合灰中Fe含量有关;随松木屑灰含量的增加,钙铝黄长石、镁黄长石、白榴石等低温共熔物的生成量增加,使混合灰的熔融温度降低;此外,由于Fe-C共熔体(Fe_xC_y)的生成、灰锥局部还原性气氛及残炭的骨架作用,使混合灰的熔融温度随煤灰中残炭含量的增加呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势。