The determination of isosteric heats of sorption of leather: Experimental and mathematical investigations

Knowledge of sorption isotherms of leather products is necessary to control rehydration/dehydration and storage processes and it is valuable tool for prediction of the stability and shelf life of products but the impact of the controlled climate on moisture sorption isotherms of leather remains unclear. The aim of this work is to predict moisture desorption isotherms of leather of bovine variety. The static gravimetric method was used to determine sorption isotherms at four temperatures (30, 40, 50 and 60 °C) and the equilibrium moisture content of leather samples was measured within the range of 5–90% relative. All the curves exhibited type II behavior, according to Brunauer’s classification. Equilibrium moisture contents are observed to drop as the temperature is enhanced. Many models available in the literature were used to describe the experimental data. The agreement between experimental and calculated sorption isotherms is seen to be satisfactory (correlation coefficients from 0.93 to 0.99). Furthermore, DENT model is found to be the most appropriate for describing the relationship between the equilibrium moisture content, the water activity and temperature. On the other hand, the isosteric heats of desorption were determined from sorption isotherms and then correlated with corresponding equilibrium moisture contents. Besides, the isosteric heats of desorption decreased continuously with increasing of the equilibrium moisture content.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皮革制品中铅、镉和铬

本文采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皮革制品中铅、镉和铬，回收率为99％－101％，相对标准偏差为3．8％－5．0％。本方法简便、快速、可靠，具有较好的精密度和准确度。     

Synthesis of alkali-soluble copolymer (butyl acrylate/acrylic acid) and its application in leather finishing agent

Alkali-soluble copolymer (butyl acrylate/acrylic acid) was synthesized via solution polymerization and used as the emulsifier to prepare acrylic resin for leather finishing agent. The influence of the synthetic conditions, such as the contents of acrylic acid and the initiator types on the properties of P(BA/AA) was investigated in detail. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) indicated that the polymerization reaction of P(BA/AA) was complete without “CC” absorption peak. Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC) analysis confirmed that the glass transition temperature (T_g) of P(BA/AA) was −44 °C, Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) indicated that the copolymer latex particles dispersed evenly and were less than 100 nm. Moreover, in contrast to acrylic resin prepared with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (OP-10) as the emulsifiers, the applied properties of light leather finished by acrylic resin in use of P(BA/AA) as the emulsifier were measured: The air permeability increased by 18.5% as well as the water-resistance by 28.08% and the wet rub fastness by half class, respectively.     

“皮革奶”中L-羟脯胺酸的测定

用硫酸水解试样,再过滤、稀释水解产物。产物经氯胺T氧化后,与对二甲氨基苯甲醛反应生成红色化合物,用分光光度计进行比色测定。本法测定＂皮革奶＂中L-羟脯氨酸的含量可操作性强,适合批量检测。     

皮革产品的ATR-FTIR快速鉴定

分析和比较真皮和人造革的 ATR- FTIR红外谱图表明 ,两者的特征峰峰位并不重叠或干扰 ,其结构可以区分。用 ATR- FTIR鉴定皮革产品具有准确、灵敏、快速、简便、对产品无损伤、无需预处理、易实现现场自动化等优点     

谷氨酸流动注射化学发光法测定

在碱性介质中,谷氨酸对硫氰化钾 鲁米诺化学发光体系有增敏作用,建立了用硫氰化钾 鲁米诺 氨基酸体系测定谷氨酸的新方法。该法灵敏度高,操作简单、快速。用该方法测定谷氨酸的线性范围为0.01～1.0μg·ml-1,检出限可达0.01μg·ml-1,采样频率为190次·h-1,对5μg·ml-1的谷氨酸连续平行测量10次,RSD为1.2%。用该方法对皮革屑中酶法提取的谷氨酸含量进行了测定,并与氨基酸测定仪测定的结果进行了比较,结果满意。     

Characterisation of leather candidate certified reference materials for their mass fractions of aromatic amines

Three batches of leather samples were coloured with nine azo dyes that can yield eight proven or suspected carcinogenic aromatic amines under reduction conditions. The samples were milled to grains and bottled in jars. A group of five laboratories has established the mass fraction of the amines in a ring test using different analytical methods. The methods included a reduction step in order to cleave the azo dyes into the aromatic amines. Quantification was by standard addition: sub-samples of the leathers were spiked with known amounts of azo dyes of known purity. It was possible to establish the mass fractions of six of the eight aromatic amines in three of the leather samples.     

Radiation-Induced Copolymerization of Trioxane with Styrene Oxide

Copolymerization of trioxane (TOX) and styrene oxide (STO) induced by gamma radiation was studied under varying operating conditions to see the effects of radiation dose, STO concentration, postpolymerization temperature, and duration on the polymer yield. Charging 5% STO with TOX STO conversion was 65% but yield was only 23% compared with 62% for the homopolymer. Molecular weight, melting point, density, and thermal stability of the copolymer samples were determined.     

Determination of free and ethoxylated alkylphenols in leather with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An analytical approach was developed to determine nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO(n)) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEO(n)) in leather samples involving the conversion of NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) into the corresponding NP and OP. The four targets were extracted from samples using ultrasonic-assisted acetonitrile extraction. NP and OP in the extracts were directly isolated with hexane and quantitatively determined with 4-n-nonylphenol as internal standard by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) in the extracts, they were first converted into NP and OP with aluminum triiodide as cleavage agent, and the yielded NP and OP were determined by GC-MS. The contents of NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) were calculated by normalizing to NPEO(9) and OPEO(9), respectively. This method was properly validated and the real sample tests revealed the pollution significance of leather by NPEO(n) and OPEO(n).     

气相色谱-质谱法测定皮革中富马酸二甲酯

提出了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定皮革中富马酸二甲酯的方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取后,过中性氧化铝、C_(18)吸附剂、石墨化炭黑净化,在35℃水浴中氮气吹干浓缩至0.2mL。用乙酸乙酯定容至0.5mL,进样1μL,通过DB-5MS色谱柱分离,结合NIST 05标准谱库信息对富马酸二甲酯进行定性检测,用外标法进行定量分析。富马酸二甲酯的质量浓度在0.02～10.0mg·L~(-1)范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为0.02mg·kg~(-1)。以皮革样品为基体加入三种不同浓度的标准溶液按所提方法分析后,计算方法的回收率在84.8%～88.9%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在4.3%～5.6%之间。