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91.
The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs. 相似文献
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JieLU JinChengXIONG JianCHEN 《数学学报(英文版)》2004,20(3):415-422
Let G be a graph which contains exactly one simple closed curve. We prove that a continuous map f : G → G has zero topological entropy if and only if there exist at most k ≤ |(Edg(G) End(G) 3)/2] different odd numbers n1,...,nk such that Per(f) is contained in ∪i=1^k ∪j=0^∞ ni2^j, where Edg(G) is the number of edges of G and End(G) is the number of end points of G. 相似文献
94.
Tai-PingLiu TommasoRuggeri 《应用数学学报(英文版)》2003,19(1):1-12
In shock wave theory there are two considerations in selecting the physically relevant shock waves.There is the admissibility criterion for the well-posedness of hyperbolic conservation laws.Another consideraztion concerns the entropy production across the shochs.The latter is natural from the physical point of view,but is not sufficient in its straightforward formulation,if the system is not genuinely nonlinear.In this paper we propose the principles of increasing entropy production and that of the superposition of shocks.These principles arc shown to be equivalent to the admissibility criterion. 相似文献
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物理学英语里的“物理学”(physics)一词源于古希腊词语“Фνδικη”,最早见于亚里士多德的《物理学》一书。 相似文献
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Shear Viscosity to Non-Equilibrium Entropy Density Ratio of Hot Quark-Gluon Plasma at Finite Chemical Potential 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
In the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, we study the transport properties of hot quark-gluon plasmas. The viscous entropy production at finite chemical potential as well as the shear viscosity to non-equilibrium entropy density ratio is investigated in weakly coupled limit by using kinetic theory. The results show that the chemical potential contributes positively to their ratio compared to the pure temperature case. The ratio exhibits two boundaries in the coupling strength in which a minimum value of 0.42 is found at αs=0.6. 相似文献
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