The kinetics of Al-Si spinel phase crystallization from calcined kaolin

The crystallization of Al-Si spinel from medium ordered kaolin with high content of kaolinite was investigated using the differential thermal analysis (DTA). The apparent activation energy of the process was evaluated from the dependence of exothermic peak of crystallization on heating rate. Within the applied interval of heating rate (1-40 K min⁻¹) the temperature of peak maximum increases from initial value of 1220.5 K in about 54.2 K. The apparent activation energy of the process 856±2 kJ mol⁻¹was calculated using the Kissinger equation. The growth morphology of Al-Si spinel crystal was evaluated from the Avrami parameter. The average value of morphology parameter determined within the observed interval of heating rate is 3.08±0.03. This value indicates that crystallization mechanism of Al-Si spinel phase proceeds by bulk nucleation of the new phase with constant number of nuclei and that the three-dimensional growth of crystals is controlled by the reaction rate on the phases interface.     

The growth of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on natural clay minerals (kaolinite, nontronite and sepiolite)

The suitability of clay minerals - kaolinite, nontronite and sepiolite - is studied for synthesis of nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes. Particles of iron were used as catalysts. Prior to synthesis, kaolinite and sepiolite were doped by the catalytically active metal, whereas in the case of nontronite the presence was used of this metal in the matrix of this mineral. Synthesis of CNTs was performed by hot filament chemical vapor deposition method. The produced nanocomposites were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopies and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The experiment verified the potential of the three microcrystalline phyllosilicates for the growth of carbon nanotubes. Under the same technology conditions, the type of catalyst carrier affects the morphology and structure of the nanotube product markedly.     

Comparative study of different indigo-clay Maya Blue-like systems using the voltammetry of microparticles approach

Using the voltammetry of microparticles approach, the electrochemical response of complexes prepared with indigo plus different clays in contact with aqueous electrolytes is described. Indigo presents a strong attachment with palygorskite and sepiolite in contrast to a weak attachment to planar clays (montomorillonite and kaolinite). Cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric data provide estimates of the variation of the concentration of indigo and dehydroindigo with the depth on clay crystals. The indigoids (indigo and dehydroindigo) penetrate more in palygorskite than in sepiolite, and this penetration is favoured by thermal treatments (very efficient up to 130 °C). The indigo concentration decreases monotonically versus depth, while the dehydroindigo one increases from zero in the external region of the crystals to a maximum at a depth between 40 and 80 nm and then decreasing rapidly. These facts are directly linked to the much higher resistance to acid attack of palygorskite–indigo pigments (Maya Blue) than sepiolite–indigo ones.     

The mechanochemical reactions between CsF and kaolinite

The grinding of a mixture containing kaolinite and CsF was carried out by three different techniques, short manual grinding, Fisher mechanical mortar and Retsch ball mill. In addition to different cesium aluminium silicates which were detected by X-ray powder diffraction, a new type of intercalation complex was identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The X-ray diffractogram of this complex did not show any basal spacing, which may characterize the complex but the 0.715 nm characteristic peak of the untreated kaolinite became very weak. The Retsch ball mill led to a slight destruction of the kaolinite and the formation of small amounts of the new intercalation complex. The delamination of book-like kaolinite assemblages was observed after the manual and Fisher mortar grindings. In the latter grinding techniques the kaolin-like layers persisted and served as the framework for the intercalation complexes. Received: 4 February 1998 Accepted: 11 March 1998     

聚氧化乙烯/高岭石聚合物电解质的制备与表征

通过尿素对高岭石的插层及随后的超声脱除处理,制备了一种片层剥离的高岭石粉体,并将这种剥离高岭石与聚氧化乙烯/高氯酸锂(PEO/LiClO_4)体系复合,制备出PEO/高岭石复合物.采用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、扫描量热仪、电化学工作站和万能材料试验机进行结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,尿素在高岭石层间的插层和脱除引起了高岭石片层的剥离,片层厚度小于50 nm.剥离高岭石在PEO/LiClO_4体系中与PEO形成了强烈的氢键作用,促进了PEO结晶度的降低,进而提高复合物的离子电导率.含有20 wt%剥离高岭石填料的PEO/高岭石复合物的离子电导率达到6.0×10~(-5) S/cm,与未复合的PEO/LiClO_4相比,提高了一个数量级.复合物制备过程中的烘干温度对PEO的结晶度会产生一定的影响,95°C下的烘干处理能得到结晶度较低,离子电导率较高的复合物.此外,剥离高岭石的添加显著提高了聚合物的杨氏模量和拉伸强度,与未复合的PEO/LiClO_4相比,杨氏模量和拉伸强度最大提高了256%和121%.     

Dissolution of kaolinite induced by citric, oxalic, and malic acids

Kaolinite is a dominant clay mineral in the soils in tropical and subtropical regions, and its dissolution has an influence on a variety of soil properties. In this work, kaolinite dissolution induced by three kinds of low-molecular-weight organic acid, i.e., citric, oxalic, and malic acids, was evaluated under far-from-equilibrium conditions. The rates of kaolinite dissolution depended on the kind and concentration of organic acids, with the sequence R(oxalate)>R(citrate)>R(malate). Chemical calculation showed the change in concentration of organic ligand relative to change in concentration of organic acid in suspensions of kaolinite and organic acid. The effect of organic acid on kaolinite dissolution was modeled by species of organic anionic ligand. For oxalic acid, L(2-)(oxalic) and HL(-)(oxalic) jointly enhanced the dissolution of kaolinite, but for malic and citric acids, HL(-)(malic) and H2L-(citric) made a higher contribution to the total dissolution rate of kaolinite than L(2-)(malic) and L(3-)(citric), respectively. For oxalic acid, the proposed model was R(Si)=1.89x10(-12)x[(25x)/(1+25x)]+1.93x10(-12)x[(1990x1)/(1+1990x1)] (R2=0.9763), where x and x1 denote the concentrations of HL(oxalic) and L(oxalic), respectively, and x1=10(-3.81)xx/[H+]. For malic acid, the model was R(Si)=4.79x10(-12)x[(328x)/(1+328x)]+1.67x10(-13)x[(1149x1)/(1+1149x1)] (R2=0.9452), where x and x1 denote the concentrations of HL(malic) and L(malic), respectively, and x1=10(-5.11)xx/[H+], and for citric acid, the model was R(Si)=4.73x10(-12)x[(845x)/(1+845x)]+4.68x10(-12)x[(2855x1)/(1+2855x1)] (R2=0.9682), where x and x1 denote the concentrations of H2L(citric) and L(citric), respectively, and [Formula: see text] .     

机械研磨影响高岭石结构的光谱研究

将高岭石矿物分别用干法和湿法连续研磨，通过不同研磨时间各粉样的傅立叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）及Ｘ射线衍射光谱（ＸＲＤ）的实测和比较，发现干法研磨１２ｈ高岭石的结构开始改变，经４２ｈ其层状结构完全破坏。但在湿法条件下即使研磨５４ｈ，高岭石的结构也无明显变化。由此可见，湿汉研磨比干法好。文中还初步探讨了研磨影响粘土结构的原因。     

FTIR和XRD研究甲酰胺在高岭石插层复合体系中的形态及其复合物的微观结构

插层复合体系中,有机插层剂在插层的同时也可能吸附在复合物的表面或以自由态存在,对插层分子的表征将会产生较大的影响。以丙酮作淋洗剂,用FTIR及XRD技术对淋洗前后的插层复合体系监控,插层剂分子在复合体系中的可能存在形式,探讨水的作用及复合物微观结构的变化。结果显示：甲酰胺有插层、游离和吸附在复合物表面三种存在形态。3 355和3 462 cm-1处的红外振动峰归属于表面吸附的插层剂分子,3 626 cm-1的峰归属于插层的H₂O分子,在干燥后均消失。H₂O作为填充空间的分子参预了插层过程,且插入到层间,并在干燥后脱嵌。3 534 cm-1处的振动峰在淋洗前后一直存在,是由于插层的甲酰胺分子与高岭石层间形成氢键作用的结果。以丙酮作为淋洗剂,可以选择性的消除表面吸附的甲酰胺而不影响复合物的结构。插层的甲酰胺分子以C—N键垂直于层片呈单分子层排列,并通过氨基与高岭石铝氧八面体层的内表面羟基和硅氧四面体层的氧形成了两种氢键作用。     

江西“高洲石”的矿物学和谱学特征研究

印章石是我国特有的具有民族历史文化特色的艺术品,江西“高洲石”是近年来新发现并在市场上流通的印章石品种。采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、红外光谱分析(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及差热分析(DTA)对“高洲石”的矿物学特征和谱学特征进行了系统的研究。粉晶衍射结果表明,“高洲石”的主要矿物成分为高岭石族矿物和叶蜡石,其次含有少量的绢云母和伊利石等。其中高岭石和地开石多型可通过18°～40°(2θ)范围内一系列地开石特有的衍射峰鉴别。“高洲石”中高岭石族矿物同时出现高岭石和地开石的特征衍射峰,主要为高岭石-地开石过渡矿物。“高洲石”主要化学成分为SiO₂和Al₂O₃,次要成分为Fe₂O₃和K₂O和Na₂O等,这与高岭石族矿物的化学成分相一致。红外光谱的结果显示“高洲石”中高岭石-地开石过渡矿物在高频区一般出现3 689, 3 645和3 615 cm-1三个谱带,其中归属于面外羟基振动的3 689 cm-1谱带和面内羟基振动的3 615 cm-1谱带强度近似相等,部分略有变化,其变化因含高岭石层或地开石层较多造成。扫描电镜下观察到“高洲石”中高岭石矿物的形态主要呈直径为0.5～4 μm的不规则片状或假六方板状,与我国其他产地印石的扫描电镜特征较为相似。差热分析结果表明高岭石族矿物的脱羟吸热谷温度与其矿物种属有一定对应关系,同时此温度还受矿物颗粒大小的影响。综合研究表明,“高洲石”的矿物类型与我国四大印石(寿山石、昌化石、青田石、巴林石)相似,作为四大印石的替代品,“高洲石”具有广阔的市场前景。