基于改进U-Net的量子点STM图像分割

为提升量子点图像分割精度,降低特征识别误差,提出一种基于改进U-Net的量子点图像分割方法.首先,在预处理阶段,设计了以色彩通道为权值的灰度化算法,以提升后续分割效果.其次,在STM图像分割部分,在原始U-Net结构上引入中间过渡层以均衡网络各层特征.而后,建立数据集,并通过实验对比不同分割算法的精确度、召回率、F-measure.最后,将分割算法应用于量子点的特征识别,并测试了不同分割方式对应用的影响.实验结果显示,改进灰度化方法保留细节信息丰富,明显提升了量子点分割精度;改进U-Net的平均精确率、召回率、F-measure相较原始网络分别提升了13.83%、2.16%、8.13%.同时,实验数据表明由于分割精度的提升,量子点数量、纵横比等特征参数的识别更加精确.     

X-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging with a grating interferometer: Theory and simulation

A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer, which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imaging and the improved image contrast. By using this theory, several key parameters of phase contrast imaging can be predicted, for instance, the fringe visibility and period, and the conversion condition from the differential phase imaging (DPI) to the phase difference imaging (PDI). Additionally, numerical simulations are performed with certain x-ray optical components and imaging geometry. Comparison with the available experimental measurement [Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 063105 (2018)] demonstrates the accuracy of this developed quantitative analysis method of x-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging.     

双离子(40Ar+, C2H+6)辐照合成金刚石纳米晶颗粒

用双离子(⁴⁰Ar⁺，C₂H⁺₆)辐照实验完成了从多壁碳纳米管向金刚石纳米晶颗粒的转变.对转变机理进行了初步探讨.这一探索有望能成为一种金刚石纳米晶合成的新途径.由此可知，多重荷能离子辐照用于其他材料纳米结构的制备也不是凭空设想. 关键词： 金刚石纳米晶 离子辐照 透射电子显微镜     

氦离子显微镜对钨中氦行为的实验研究

针对热核聚变面向等离子体钨材料中氦泡形成、演变以及机理研究的需求,克服目前常用离子注入、电子扫描显微镜和透射电子显微镜等离线研究手段存在的不足,提出氦离子显微镜对钨中氦的上述行为原位实时在线研究方法.借助氦离子显微镜的离子注入、显微成像和聚焦离子束纳米加工功能,它可以提供能量为0.5—35 ke V、束流密度可达10~(25) ions/(m~2·s)以上的氦离子束,在该设备上进行钨中氦的注入实验.同时在注入过程,实时在线监测钨中氦泡形成、演变过程以及钨材料表面形貌的变化,原位在线分析钨材料表面氦泡的大小、迁移合并以及其诱发的钨表面和近表面的微观损伤.实验结果表明:氦离子显微镜是研究钨中氦行为演变过程及其微观机理研究的新的研究手段和强有力的实验工具.     

散射介质超衍射极限技术研究进展

综述了已有散射介质超衍射极限聚焦和成像技术的研究现状及进展。首先介绍了这一领域的研究背景及意义,以及已有超衍射极限成像技术的发展现状;然后给出了应用于超衍射极限成像的散射介质定义;其次分析了时间反演技术在声学、微波领域聚焦上的应用,介绍了时间反演法在光学领域超衍射极限聚焦应用中的实现方法,总结了散射介质加入到光学系统中的作用,分析了利用反馈控制调节和光学相位共轭方法进行散射介质超衍射极限聚焦方法的特点;讨论了基于空域和空频域传输矩阵测量的散射介质宽场成像方法及在该目的下的散射介质制备方法;最后给出了散射介质光学超衍射极限成像技术研究前景及展望。     

Ultrasound stimulated production of a fibrinolytic enzyme

The present study is aimed at enhanced production of a fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus sphaericus MTCC 3672 under ultrasonic stimulation. Various process parameters viz; irradiation at different growth phases, ultrasonication power, irradiation duration, duty cycle and multiple irradiation were studied for enhancement of fibrinolytic enzyme productivity. The optimum conditions were found as follows, irradiation of ultrasonic waves to fermentation broth at 12 h of growth phase with 25 kHz frequency, 160 W ultrasound power, 20% duty cycle for 5 min. The productivity of fibrinolytic enzyme was increased 1.82-fold from 110 to 201 U/mL compared with the non sonicated control fermentation. Drop in glucose concentration from 0.41% to 0.12% w/v in ultrasonicated batch implies that, ultrasonication increases the cell permeability, improves substrate intake and progresses metabolism of microbial cell. Microscopic images before and after ultrasonic stimulation clearly signifies the impact of duty cycle on decreasing biomass concentration. However, environmental scanning electron micrograph does not show any cell lysis at optimum ultrasonic irradiation. Offshoots of our results will contribute to fulfill the demand of enhancement of microbial therapeutic enzyme productivity, through ultrasonication stimulation.     

纳米颗粒材料表面形貌结构AFM表征中针尖干扰的修正与评价

原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）被广泛地用来进行纳米尺度和亚微米尺度结构材料的形貌表征,其优点是制样简单、无需进行导电处理,但会针尖与样品作用时,由于针尖自身的成像作用,导致得到的图像结果比实际结果要大,这就是针尖的放大效应,文章基于一种简单的数学模型,得到了对实测图像的修正结果,对于一般金字塔形针尖,ＡＦＭ的放大作用可导致粒子尺寸比真实尺寸大近２倍,实测图像的失真状况与针尖的形状因子、粒子的分散状态等因素     

光子扫描隧道显微镜的角谱传递函数

用傅里叶角谱衍理论推导了光子扫描隧道显笛镜的标量和矢量角谱传递函数。表明,光子扫描隧道显微镜的角谱传递鲜明地分成两个区,即远场区和近场区。随首探针榈间距增大,近场区内的角谱其振幅迅速衰减,频率越高衰减越快,而相位保持不变;相反远场区内的角谱内的角谱其振幅保持不变,而相位非均匀线性均匀线性增加,频率越低增加越快。光子扫描隧道显微镜对近场角谱的采集能力是其皮瑞利衍射极限的关键。坦 步根据角谱传递函数计     

相衬显微镜衬比的分析

本文详细讨论了制约相衬显微镜衬比的各种因素,并针对不同的被观察样本提出了合适的观察方法。首先,叙述了相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜的基本原理,并根据观察时的实际情况,定义了衬比Fc.然后,分纯相位物体和既有振幅变化又有相位变化的物体两种情况,对影响衬比的各种因素进行了详细讨论,得出了相衬显微镜的衬比最大的条件,并比较了各种条件下相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜的灵敏度,从中得出:在观察弱纯相位变化的物体时,相衬显微镜要比暗场显微镜有效些;在观察既有振幅变化又有相位变化的物体时,相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜要比明场显微镜有效些,但视场中的光强变化已是物体的振幅变化和相位变化的混合效应,而不能单独反映出相位变化。     

How to measure energy dissipation in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

When studying a mechanical system like an atomic force microscope (AFM) in dynamic mode it is intuitive and instructive to analyse the forces involved in tip–sample interaction. A different but complementary approach is based on analysing the energy that is dissipated when the tip periodically interacts with the sample surface. This method does not require solving the differential equation of motion for the oscillating cantilever, but is based entirely on the analysis of the energy flow in and out of the dynamic system. Therefore the problem of finding a realistic model to describe the tip–sample interaction in terms of non-linear force–distance dependencies and damping effects is omitted. Instead, it is possible to determine the energy dissipated by the tip–sample interaction directly by measuring such quantities as oscillation amplitude, frequency, phase shift and drive amplitude. The method proved to be important when interpreting phase data obtained in tapping mode, but is also applicable to a variety of scanning probe microscopes operating in different dynamic modes. Additional electronics were designed to allow a direct mapping of local energy dissipation while scanning a sample surface. By applying this technique to the cross-section of a polymer blend a material specific contrast was observed.