Volumetric properties of ethanol–water mixtures under high temperatures and pressures

The densities of ethanol and ethanol–water mixtures were measured with a vibrating tube densimeter at 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 °C in the pressure range from 0.10 to 40.00 MPa. Densities were correlated using an empirical model. Partial molar volumes, excess molar volumes, isothermal compressibilities, cubic expansion coefficients and internal pressures were calculated from obtained densities. This study reports the dependence of densities, partial molar volumes, excess molar volumes, isothermal compressibilities, cubic expansion coefficients and internal pressures on composition, temperature and pressure.     

Dicholorbenzyl alkyl ether homologs as retention index markers and internal standards for the analysis of environmental samples using capillary gas chromatography

A homologous series of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alkyl ethers (DCBEs) have been synthesized and purified for use as retention index calibrants and internal standards. They are stable, sensitive to ECD and FID and ideal for GC-MS, with base peaks at m/z 159/161. The retention index calibration against the n-alkanes for a linear temperature program (LTP) series is given and recommendations made for the most suitable members of the DCBE series for use as internal standards in organochlorine (OC) residue analysis.     

Theoretical Study of the Photochemical Reaction Mechanism of Bicyclo [4.1.0 ] heptane

IntroductionPhotochemical reactions, which involve a three-membered ring, have been of great interest to experi-mental photochemists[1—10]. A main reason for thisphenomenon is that the cyclopropane ring exhibits somereaction characteristics of double bon…     

Inverse relaxation-model and relation to recovery internal friction

Inverse relaxation is studied for hard elastic polypropylene (HEPP), rubber and non-elastic polypropylene. The results show that contractive stress, stress, and internal friction are three essential factors related to the phenomenon. A three-element model in which each element has a definite meaning is proposed to describe this phenomenon. The results also show that, in the first cyclic deformation, relaxation time increases with the increase of recovery for all the materials, which indicates that recovery viscosity increases with the increase of recovery, but the stress rising amplitude (SRA) of inverse relaxation has a maximum in the recovery range. Analysis indicates that SRA equals recovery internal friction (RIF) for ideal material in which stress is solely a function of strain, independent of paths, and approximately equals RIF for non-ideal material at a given strain. From this principle it is found that the order of the work counteracted by RIF for the four materials is the same as that of their second hysteresis loop, and the RIF of HEPP has a sudden increase at the later recovery range.     

Symmetry numbers and chemical reaction rates

This article shows how to evaluate rotational symmetry numbers for different molecular configurations and how to apply them to transition state theory. In general, the symmetry number is given by the ratio of the reactant and transition state rotational symmetry numbers. However, special care is advised in the evaluation of symmetry numbers in the following situations: (i) if the reaction is symmetric, (ii) if reactants and/or transition states are chiral, (iii) if the reaction has multiple conformers for reactants and/or transition states and, (iv) if there is an internal rotation of part of the molecular system. All these four situations are treated systematically and analyzed in detail in the present article. We also include a large number of examples to clarify some complicated situations, and in the last section we discuss an example involving an achiral diasteroisomer.     

新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置的实验研究

研制出新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置并用于测量人及动物体内、外皮肤的摩擦特性,在不同试验参数下测定了皮肤与假肢接受腔材料之间的摩擦系数.结果表明:该装置法向加载精度高达99.59%;在相同试验条件下测得猪体外皮肤摩擦系数的重复性较好;在人体上、下肢不同部位,只有手掌部位皮肤与其它部位的摩擦系数有显著性差异(P＜0.005);在控制法向载荷和往复移动频率2种模式下得到兔体内皮肤摩擦系数的试验结果具有可比性,摩擦系数随着法向载荷的增加而降低,随着往复移动频率的增加而增大;用该装置摩擦前后其皮肤组织结构有明显变化.     

硬脂酸钾固体润滑薄膜的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用浸渍-提拉法制备出硬脂酸钾薄膜,用DF-PM型静-动摩擦磨损试验机和UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机考察了在低速滑动和高速滑动条件下硬脂酸钾薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能量色散谱仪观察分析了薄膜及偶件磨损表面的形貌及其典型元素的面分布情况.结果表明,以GCr15钢球为偶件在高速滑动和以氮化硅球作为偶件在高、低速滑动条件下,薄膜具有较好的摩擦磨损性能.由于钢球和氮化硅陶瓷球表面粗糙度及其化学状态存在差异,硬脂酸钾更容易在氮化硅球表面形成转移膜,从而具有更低的摩擦系数和更长的耐磨寿命.     

Al/AlN多层膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用柱状靶磁控溅射系统制备Al/AlN纳米多层膜,采用纳米压痕仪测量Al/AlN纳米多层膜的纳米硬度,在UMT-2M型摩擦磨损试验机上评价其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:当AlN层较厚时,薄膜在很短时间内被磨穿;调节Al/AlN层厚比为2.9/1.1时,薄膜的摩擦磨损性能明显提高;当保持Al/AlN层厚比为2.9/1.1、变化多层膜的调制周期时,薄膜的摩擦系数较低,但硬度较低的薄膜由于承载能力不够,不能够保持优良的摩擦磨损性能.     

冲击加载条件下材料之间摩擦系数的确定

尝试利用自制分离式霍普金森压剪装置对聚氨酯泡沫塑料、硅橡胶和MDF水泥材料与铝合金在冲击加载条件下的摩擦系数进行测试.结果表明:在冲击加载条件下,聚氨酯泡沫塑料、硅橡胶和MDF水泥与铝杆之间的摩擦系数与材料的性质关系不大,其摩擦系数测试结果存在一定的分散性,摩擦曲线出现抖动,且与加载条件有关,摩擦系数比通常意义下所得到的摩擦系数小;不同加载条件对所测试材料与铝压杆之间的摩擦系数数值影响不大,只是曲线的走势稍有不同.在冲击加载条件下硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料与铝杆之间的静摩擦系数为0.29,动摩擦系数为0.25;硅橡胶与铝杆之间的静摩擦系数为0.285,动摩擦系数为0.24;MDF水泥与铝合金杆之间的静摩擦系数为0.28～0.29,动摩擦系数约0.23.     

平面、斜坡、动静摩擦力演示仪的制作

平面、斜坡、动静摩擦力演示仪的制作。