An Unlikely Connection: Geochemistry and Nuclear Structure

Although geochemistry belongs to the earth sciences, historically it has interacted importantly with the physical sciences, in particular with astrophysics and nuclear physics. These interactions, which in traditional historiography have received little notice from either historians of physics or historians of geology, are the subjects of the present paper, which focuses on the period between 1915 and 1950. During the 1920s, geochemists established empirical regularities in the abundance data of the elements in rocks and meteorites, and from these they suggested that an improved knowledge of the atomic nucleus could be obtained. More significantly, geochemists supplied astrophysicists, cosmologists and nuclear physicists with important data that could not be obtained otherwise. The link between geochemistry and basic, nuclear physics is a historical reality. The paper explores parts of this link.     

Cosmological Model Based on Gauge Theory of Gravity

A cosmological model based on gauge theory of gravity is proposed in this paper. Combining cosmological principle and field equation of gravitational gauge field, dynamical equations of the scale factor R(t) of our universe can be obtained. This set of equations has three different solutions. A prediction of the present model is that, if the energy density of the universe is not zero and the universe is expanding, the universe must be space-flat, the total energy density must be the critical density ρ_c of the universe. For space-flat case, this model gives the same solution as that of the Friedmann model. In other words, though they have different dynamics of gravitational interactions, general relativity and gauge theory of gravity give the same cosmological model.     

中微子的静止质量及其在物理学和宇宙学上的意义

简要地介绍了中微子的发现历史及其基本特性,着重介绍了Ｓｕｐｅｒ－Ｋａｍｉｏｋａｎｄｅ中微子天文台大气中微子实验和太阳中微子实验的基本原理及其最新实验结果,对中微子的静止质量在太阳中微子失踪问题、粒子物理学和宇宙学上的意义作了讨论,指出了与中微子静止质量相关的３个有待解决的问题。     

Analysis of Generalized Ghost Dark Energy in LQC and Galileon Gravity

A so-called ghost dark energy was recently proposed to explain the present acceleration of the universe.The energy density of ghost dark energy,which originates from Veneziano ghost of Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD),in a time dependent background,can be written in the form,ρD=αH + βH~2 where H is the Hubble parameter.We investigate the generalized ghost dark energy(GGDE) model in the setup of loop quantum Cosmology(LQC) and Galileon Cosmology.We study the cosmological implications of the models.We also obtain the equation of state and the deceleration parameters and differential equations governing the evolution of this dark energy model for LQC and Galileon Cosmology.     

Tachyon Cosmology with Gauss–Bonnet and Non-Minimal Kinetic Couplings

We consider a tachyonic model of dark energy in which scalar field non-minimally coupled with curvature and kinetic part of its Lagrangian density.Additionally the model contains the Gauss–Bonnet coupling to the scalar field through an arbitrary function.The non-minimal Gauss–Bonnet coupling function and scalar field potential have been obtained for power-law solution and then for a dynamically varying equation of state.We have extracted the required condition for the so-called phantom divide line crossing in the model and represented such a crossing numerically.     

Abundance of Asymmetric Dark Matter in Brane World Cosmology

Relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles in brane world cosmological scenario is investigated in this article. Hubble expansion rate is enhanced in brane world cosmology and it affects the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles. We analyze how the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter is changed in this model. We show that in such kind of nonstandard cosmological scenario, indirect detection of asymmetric Dark Matter is possible if the cross section is small enough which let the anti-particle abundance kept in the same amount with the particle. We show the indirect detection signal constraints can be used to such model only when the cross section and the 5-dimensional Planck mass scale are in appropriate values.     

Solution of Wheeler-De Witt Equation, Potential Well and Tunnel Effect

This paper uses the relation of the cosmic scale factor and scalar field to solve Wheeler-De Witt equation, gives the tunnel effect of the cosmic scale factor a and quantum potential well of scalar field, and makes it fit with the physics of cosmic quantum birth. By solving Wheeler-De Witt equation we achieve a general probability distribution of the cosmic birth, and give the analysis of cosmic quantum birth.     

Gravitational coupling,dynamical changes of units and the cosmological constant problem

A spacetime interval connecting two neighbouring points can be measured in different unit systems.For instance,it can be measured in atomic unit defined in terms of fundamental constants existing in quantum theories.It is also possible to use a gravitational unit which is defined by the use of properties of macroscopic objects.These two unit systems are usually regarded as indistinguishable up to a constant conversion factor.Here we consider the possibility that these two units are related by an epoch-dependent conversion factor.This is a dynamical changes of units.Regarding a conformal transformation as a local unit transformation,we use a gravitational model in which the gravitational and the matter sectors are given in different conformal frames(or unit systems).It is relevant to the cosmological constant problem,namely the huge discrepancy between the estimated and the observational values of the cosmological constant in particle physics and cosmology,respectively.We argue that the problem arises when one ignores evolution of the conversion factor relating the two units during expansion of the Universe.Connection of the model with violation of equivalence principle and possible variation of fundamental constants are also discussed.