In vivo imaging of cell morphology and cellular processes in Caenorhabditis elegans, using non-linear phenomena

We present the detailed imaging of structures and processes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) using non-linear microscopy. Complementary information about the anatomy of the nematode was collected by implementing a combination of two photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), second and third harmonic generation (SHG and THG) image contrast modes on the same microscope. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of TPEF, SHG and THG images were also performed. Moreover, THG imaging technique has been tested as a potential, novel, non-destructive diagnostic tool for monitoring cellular processes in vivo, such as neuronal degeneration.     

嫦娥一号卫星干涉成像光谱仪电子学设计

介绍了嫦娥一号卫星用于获取矿物光谱信息的干涉成像光谱仪电子学系统设计.概述了电子学系统的技术指标、系统组成、工作模式、外部接口和设计原则,详细描述了焦平面组件设计、视频处理和时序控制组件设计和EMC设计,给出部分正样产品实物照片以及地面实验和在轨飞行图像.各项地面试验和一年的在轨飞行结果表明该设计达到了预定的技术要求.     

基于成像法的气溶胶粒形和散射分析仪

粒形是影响气溶胶粒子光散射特性的基本参量,其定量信息的研究受到越来越多的关注。气溶胶粒形的常规测量手段为散射法和显微成像法。将散射法与显微成像法有机结合,提出了基于成像法设计气溶胶粒形和散射分析仪的新方案,实现了仪器测量的自身完善。利用自编的无限长圆柱理论的仿真程序,分析了线偏振光入射下,已知形状的单个棉絮纤维粒子的散射强度和偏振。实验数据和程序运算结果的比较表明,用该方法设计的分析仪的检测是可靠的。     

Ultrasonic intensity microscopy for imaging of living cells

Ultrasound intensity microscopy was developed for in vivo imaging. This paper describes the preliminary results obtained using 300 MHz ultrasound intensity microscopy for in vitro characterization of cell cultures. The novelty of the approach lies in the fact that it allows remote, non-contact and disturbance-free imaging of cultured synovial cells and the changes in the cells’ properties due to external stimulants such as transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1). The intensity imaging method has potential for extracting mechanical cell properties and monitoring the effects of drugs.Ultrasound propagates through a thin specimen such as cultured cells and is reflected at the interface between the specimen and substrate. A two-dimensional distribution of the ultrasonic intensity, which is closely related to the mechanical properties, is visualized to analyze cell organs, such as the nucleus at the central part and the cytoskeleton at the peripheral zone. After stimulation with TGF-β1, the ultrasonic intensity at the actin zone was significantly increased compared with the control.     

An imaging pH optode for cell studies based on covalent attachment of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate to amino cellulose acetate films

The objective of this study was to create a thin film optode for fast pH measurements that meets the requirements for imaging pH-responses from cells as well as for a future hybrid design for detection of multiple analytes simultaneously. The sensor is based on the covalent attachment of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) to a film forming cellulose acetate material through a sulfonamide linkage. The synthesis routes of the cellulose material and regio-specific covalent attachment of the dye are described in detail. The sensor was sterilized in two different ways and showed excellent biocompatibility with Chinese hamster ovary cells. Imprints from cells and μm thin cell extensions were visualized when altering pH of the surrounding solution. The sensor was tested together with time-dependent sigmoidal calibrations giving pH determinations with an exceptional precision and accuracy during measurement within pH 6-8. The precision of the optode, calculated as pooled S.D. (n = 8) according to IUPAC recommendations between pH 6.641 and 7.742 was 0.0029. The accuracy was significantly better than the electrode used as reference during the measurements. The response time (0-95%) was 100 s between pH 6.641 and 7.742 and the reverse response (95-0%) was 80 s. The sensor shows great potential for extra-cellular pH determination over time during cell growth and pharmacological exposure.     

Mapping the intracellular fraction of water by varying the gradient pulse length in q-space diffusion MRI

Finite gradient pulse lengths are traditionally considered a nuisance in q-space diffusion NMR and MRI, since the simple Fourier relation between the acquired signal and the displacement probability is invalidated. Increasing the value of the pulse length leads to an apparently smaller value of the estimated compartment size. We propose that q-space data at different gradient pulse lengths, but with the same effective diffusion time, can be used to identify and quantify components with free or restricted diffusion from multiexponential echo decay curves obtained on cellular systems. The method is demonstrated with experiments on excised human brain white matter and a series of model systems with well-defined free, restricted, and combined free and restricted diffusion behavior. Time-resolved diffusion MRI experiments are used to map the spatial distribution of the intracellular fraction in a yeast cell suspension during sedimentation, and observe the disappearance of this fraction after a heat treatment.     

轻小型双光谱红外成像探测系统研究与分析

结合谐衍射光学元件特殊的消热差以及对波面进行任意整形的特点,针对现代最先进的像元尺寸为30 μm、像元数320×240的红外双色探测器,提出了一种轻小型双光谱超宽温度红外探测成像系统方案,利用折射/谐衍射结构实现了超宽温范围内的被动式消热差红外成像探测,仅用三片镜子的单结构就可实现系统在3.8～4.2和8.8～11.2 μm双光谱处在-120 ℃～200 ℃温度范围内同时探测。系统仅使用锗和硒化锌两种材料,引入了一个非球面和一个谐衍射面, 实现了消热差、消色差和结构简单轻量化,设计结果表明,该系统在-120～200 ℃温度范围内, 3.8～4.2和8.8～11.2 μm光谱处的最大均方根半径值分别为19.07和17.75 μm,小于红外探测器的像元尺寸30 μm,在红外探测器两个像元内,3.8～4.2和8.8～11.2 μm光谱处的能量集中度分别优于88.7%和82.4%,成像质量良好,方案工程实现性好,设计方法和设计结果合理可行。     

使用背照减薄型CCD的色散型超光谱成像光谱仪中近红外波段干涉条纹现象的研究与校正

使用背照减薄型CCD器件的色散型超光谱成像光谱仪在近红外波段会出现条带状干涉条纹,严重影响其在近红外波段附近的光谱分辨率。为解决该现象,建立了类似于法布里-珀罗干涉仪的多光束干涉模型,估算出700~900 nm范围内干涉条纹的强度分布并以实测数据对该模型进行了验证,分析了CCD光敏区厚度和干涉现象之间的关系。在此基础上,采用包括频域滤波在内的改进的平场校正算法,对干涉条纹的图像进行了校正,在751.83～1 010.04 nm的范围内,校正效率达到96.6%,试验结果表明,该算法可有效的消除超光谱成像光谱仪近红外波段上的干涉条纹现象,提高光谱分辨率。     

基于激光光解诱导荧光技术实现燃烧反应区及中间产物CH_3瞬态可视化

实现火焰反应区和不同中间组分的在线二维瞬态成像,在湍流燃烧的基础研究中具有十分重要的意义。用Nd∶YAG激光器的5倍频输出(212.8nm)作为光源,通过激光光解诱导荧光技术在甲烷/空气预混火焰中,成功实现了火焰反应区的瞬态成像,并首次采用该技术实现了CH_3的在线瞬态成像测量。分析了该方法同其他荧光标示物在反应区二维瞬态成像方法的优势,并研究了火焰燃烧过程中其他燃烧中间产物和不同燃空比对CH_3单脉冲成像的影响,讨论了现有条件下该技术的应用范围。根据实验结果,在燃空比Φ=1.2的条件下,在反应区我们获得了信噪比约为8的单脉冲成像,分析火焰中CH_3的单脉冲成像结果可知火焰燃空比在1.0~1.4之间时,或者火焰中CH_3的浓度大于9.3×1015 molecules·cm-3信噪比较好。该项技术在动力机械及其他研究领域的应用有十分重要的参考价值。