HY Zeolite as an Extremely Active and Reusable Catalyst in Acylation of Alcohols with Acid Anhydride in a Solventless System

HY Zeolite is a practical and useful catalyst for acylation of various alcohols and phenols.     

Investigation of the low frequency dispersion of InP-oxide using a new Cole-Cole double-arc distribution

A new relaxation time distribution has been developed for double arc Cole-Cole plots in order to study the dispersion relation of InP-oxide. As suggested by a carrier injection model, the low frequency dispersion most likely originates from remaining In at the interface. The presence of In is a direct consequence of the Al electrode formation where the vapor-deposited electrode reacts with the InPO₄.     

Magnetic forces in thallium- and bismuth-based superconductors

Hysteretic force-separation relations for Tl, Bi and Y based superconductors and a magnet are compared. The magnitudes of the forces, the hysteresis, and the magnetic stiffness were all largest in the three-layer Tl₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x compound, indicating strong flux pinning. The hysteresis in both two and three layer thallium compounds was sufficient to generate attractive forces as the superconductor and magnet were moved apart. The use of remanent fields to improve stability of levitated and suspended magnets is described.     

Characterization of SnO2/Pb2CrO5 thin film/metal photovoltaic device

The photovoltaic behavior in a design of SnO₂/Pb₂CrO₅ thin film/metal (Au or Al) is described as functions of light intensity and wavelength for two different illumination directions. The Pb₂CrO₅ thin film in each device is formed over the SnO₂ coated glass substrate by an electron-beam evaporation technique. When illuminated from the metal side, the device with Au or Al shows the positive or the negative photovoltage, respectively. For the illumination from the SnO₂ side, the device with Au has the negative photovoltage at the short wavelength, and the positive one at the longer, while the device with Al has the negative photovoltage at both wavelength regions. These photovoltaic devices have two junctions at both sides of the Pb₂CrO₅ thin film. The band model of each device is also discussed.     

Characterization of low-density silica xerogel formed into microspheres

Low-density silica xerogels were formed into spherical pellets using a process in which a xerogel suspension containing sodium alginate was solidified through free fall in a solution of divalent ions that induce the droplet solidification. Pellet preparation was also carried out at laboratory scale by using a syringe instead of the material-consuming unit used for scaling up. When beads are made from a suspension of dried-and-calcined xerogel material, the textural properties such as porosity and surface area are significantly altered. Both properties are reduced by 30-50% compared to the starting reference material. Properties were improved when a suspension of dried xerogel that is less sensitive to contact with water was used: specific surface area was maintained at its initial level and porosity decreased by 25%.     

光合产氢-微生物燃料电池耦合系统的能量回收与废水处理特性

本文构建了由生物膜光合产氢反应器和单室无膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池组成的耦合系统,以葡萄糖溶液为底物（模拟废水）对上述系统的能量回收和污水处理持性进行了考察。实验发现,由于耦合系统各组成部分最佳性能时所要求的底物流量不同,使系统的能量回收与废水处理效率随运行工况的变化而体现出不同的特性。当底物流量为10 mL·h^-1时,耦合系统能量回收效率最大,为11.2%;而当底物流量为40 mL·h^-1时,耦合系统的COD去除效率和功率密度达到最佳,分别为76.4%和5.97×10⁵ J·m^-3·h^-1。     

Mechanism of conductivity in metal-polymer-metal structures

Received: 25 September 1998 / Accepted: 25 November 1998 / Published online: 24 February 1999     

Effect of viscosity on the magnetic permeability of Sendust-filled polymer composites

A flake-shaped Sendust/acryl suspension is tape cast and the effect of the viscosity of the suspension on the magnetic permeability of the resulting composite is investigated. The real part of the permeability of the composite is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the suspension, indicating that the lower the viscosity of the suspension, the higher the permeability of the composite. The viscosity of the suspension is controlled by adding a small amount of surfactant; an anionic surfactant is most effective for lowering the viscosity at a given concentration range. It is thought that using a suspension with a relatively low viscosity improves the permeability of the resulting composite due to the easy alignment of the flake-shaped filler with the plain direction of the sheet.     

Core-electron binding energies in atoms and monolayers adsorbed on metallic substrates

A Born-Haber cycle analysis of photoemission from atoms and monolayers adsorbed on metallic surfaces elucidates the effects of the substrate on the initial and final state contributions to measured core-electron binding energies. For rare gases both a dependence on the work function of the substrate and on the final state screening energy are identified. Depending on the relative magnitudes of the work function of the substrate and the ionization potential of the core-ionized atom, the screening charge may reside either in the substrate or on the adsorbate atom itself. Within the monolayer range, the coverage-dependence of the core-electron binding energy is shown to be largely a final-state effect. The Born-Haber cycle relating the Auger decay energy of an adsorbed core-ionized atom to that of a similar free atom is also presented. These formulations are tested using data for Xe adsorbed on Pd and Cs.     

The distribution of trapping states at the Al/InP-oxide interface

The volume density of trapping states is derived throughout the metal-dielectric interface. This has been facilitated by equating the dielectric loss component to the tunneling conductance using a new relaxation time formulation. Subsequently, the trap distribution at the Al/InPO₄ interface has featured a peak of 1.15×10¹⁹ cm^–3 at about 15 Å from the Al contacting electrode. The new approach could be extended to deal with semiconductor-dielectric interfaces.