Beyond the Zipf–Mandelbrot law in quantitative linguistics

In this paper the Zipf–Mandelbrot law is revisited in the context of linguistics. Despite its widespread popularity the Zipf–Mandelbrot law can only describe the statistical behaviour of a rather restricted fraction of the total number of words contained in some given corpus. In particular, we focus our attention on the important deviations that become statistically relevant as larger corpora are considered and that ultimately could be understood as salient features of the underlying complex process of language generation. Finally, it is shown that all the different observed regimes can be accurately encompassed within a single mathematical framework recently introduced by C. Tsallis.     

The mutual influence of the imine substituents of terephthal-bis-imines concerning their reactivity towards Fe2(CO)9

The reaction of terephthal-bis-imines with Fe₂(CO)₉ proceeds via a C---H activation reaction in the ortho position with respect to one of the imine functions. The corresponding hydrogen atom is shifted towards the former imine carbon atom producing a methylene group instead. The dinuclear iron complexes formed by this reaction sequence and showing no coordination of the second imine group were isolated from reactions of bis-imines with both phenyl and cyclohexyl substituents at the imine nitrogen atoms. In addition, we observed three different reaction pathways of the second imine substituent of the starting material which is obviously thus influenced by the fact that the first one is coordinating an Fe₂(CO)₆ moiety. If the organic substituent at the imine nitrogen atoms is a phenyl group the formation of a trinuclear complex is achieved in which an additional Fe(CO)₃ group is coordinating the CN double bond and one of the carbon---carbon bonds of the central phenyl ring in an η⁴-fashion. The same reaction leads to the isolation of a tetranuclear iron---carbonyl compound in which both imine substituents were transformed via the pathway described above, each building up dinuclear subunits. In contrast to this the reaction of a bis-imine with cyclohexyl groups at the imine nitrogen and thus an enhanced nucleophilicity leads to the formation of a tetranuclear complex in which only one imine group reacts under C---H activation with subsequent hydrogen migration towards the former imine carbon atom. The second imine substituent also shows a C---H activation reaction in the ortho position with respect to the imine group but the corresponding hydrogen atom is transferred to one of the aromatic carbon atom of the central phenyl ring of the ligand. The C=N double bond remains unreacted and only coordinates the second Fe₂(CO)₆ moiety via the nitrogen lone pair.     

血液入口段两相流动的层流NS方程数值模拟

本文采用球形刚性颗粒悬浮于牛顿流体的血液模型，基于有相间滑移的两相流动层流Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，采用相间滑移算法（Ｉｎｔｅｒ－ＰｈａｓｅＳｌｉｐＡｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ）对圆管内定常轴对称血液入口两相流动问题进行了计算，获得了与实验结果吻合的计算结果，较好地模拟血液流动中红细胞的径向迁移现象，结果表明，采用二相流动模型研究血液流动是一种有前途的方法。     

Brain tissue deforms similarly to filled elastomers and follows consolidation theory

Slow, large deformations of human brain tissue—accompanying cranial vault deformation induced by positional plagiocephaly, occurring during hydrocephalus, and in the convolutional development—has surprisingly received scarce mechanical investigation. Since the effects of these deformations may be important, we performed a systematic series of in vitro experiments on human brain tissue, revealing the following features. (i) Under uniaxial (quasi-static), cyclic loading, brain tissue exhibits a peculiar nonlinear mechanical behaviour, exhibiting hysteresis, Mullins effect and residual strain, qualitatively similar to that observed in filled elastomers. As a consequence, the loading and unloading uniaxial curves have been found to follow the Ogden nonlinear elastic theory of rubber (and its variants to include Mullins effect and permanent strain). (ii) Loaded up to failure, the “shape” of the stress/strain curve qualitatively changes, evidencing softening related to local failure. (iii) Uniaxial (quasi-static) strain experiments under controlled drainage conditions provide the first direct evidence that the tissue obeys consolidation theory involving fluid migration, with properties similar to fine soils, but having much smaller volumetric compressibility. (iv) Our experimental findings also support the existence of a viscous component of the solid phase deformation.Brain tissue should, therefore, be modelled as a porous, fluid-saturated, nonlinear solid with very small volumetric (drained) compressibility.     

共振光散射法(RLS)研究外源刺激对CdSe/ZnS量子点/TiO_2纳米复合物与人血清白蛋白的相互作用的影响

近似生理条件下,采用共振光散射法研究了CdSe/ZnS量子点/TiO_2纳米复合物同人血清白蛋白的相互作用,通过分析影响二者相互作用的纳米复合物浓度、pH、NaCl浓度、反应温度、检测时间、共存离子、表面活性剂、加样顺序等外源刺激因素,结果表明:新形成的复合体系可能加强蛋白质的疏水腔,使在水溶液中形成的疏水界面趋于集中,从而导致其共振光散射强度增强;体系受pH的影响变化非常灵敏;适当的NaCl浓度可以提高体系的I_(RLS)值灵敏度;共存离子改变了体系的离子强度,从而导致体系的△I_(RLS)值的改变;反应时间为5 min时,体系I_(RLS)值基本稳定;同一种表面活性剂对于不同的体系的I_(RLS)值的作用不完全一致,带相反电荷的表面活性剂与纳米复合物有很强的静电作用;对于与HSA相互作用的多元复合体系,加样顺序的不同对体系的I_(RLS)值的影响很明显;体系的I_(RLS)值随温度的改变呈不完全单调增加的趋势。这些信息为纳米材料与生物大分子的相互作用机制提供理论支撑,有助于深入了解纳米材料的生物相容性和安全性。     

Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Human Teeth Samples Using Dispersive Liquid‐liquid Microextraction and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A new method for the determination of cadmium and lead in human teeth was developed based on dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction preconcentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry determination. In the proposed approach, O,O‐diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) was used as a chelating agent, and carbon tetrachloride and methanol were selected as extraction and dispersive solvents. Some factors influencing the extraction efficiency of cadmium and lead and their subsequent determination, including extraction and dispersive solvent type and volume, pH of sample solution, concentration of the chelating agent and extraction time, were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor of 116 and 68 for cadmium and lead were achieved. The detection limit for cadmium and lead was 5.6 and 45 ng L^?1, and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was 4.5% and 3.8% (n = 7, c = 1.0 ng mL^?1), respectively. Verification of the accuracy of the method was carried out by analysis of a standard reference material (NIST 1486, bone meal). The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of cadmium and lead in human teeth samples with satisfactory results.     

DNA purification from crude samples for human identification using gradient elution isotachophoresis

Gradient elution isotachophoresis (GEITP) was demonstrated for DNA purification, concentration, and quantification from crude samples, represented here by soiled buccal swabs, with minimal sample preparation prior to human identification using STR analysis. During GEITP, an electric field applied across leading and trailing electrolyte solutions resulted in isotachophoretic focusing of DNA at the interface between these solutions, while a pressure‐driven counterflow controlled the movement of the interface from the sample reservoir into a microfluidic capillary. This counterflow also prevented particulates from fouling or clogging the capillary and reduced or eliminated contamination of the delivered DNA by PCR inhibitors. On‐line DNA quantification using laser‐induced fluorescence compared favorably with quantitative PCR measurements and potentially eliminates the need for quantitative PCR prior to STR analysis. GEITP promises to address the need for a rapid and robust method to deliver DNA from crude samples to aid the forensic community in human identification.     

Visualizing Lithium‐Ion Migration Pathways in Battery Materials

The understanding of lithium‐ion migration through the bulk crystal structure is crucial in the search for novel battery materials with improved properties for lithium‐ion conduction. In this paper, procrystal calculations are introduced as a fast, intuitive way of mapping possible migration pathways, and the method is applied to a broad range of lithium‐containing materials, including the well‐known battery cathode materials LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, and LiFePO₄. The outcome is compared with both experimental and theoretical studies, as well as the bond valence site energy approach, and the results show that the method is not only a strong, qualitative visualization tool, but also provides a quantitative measure of electron‐density thresholds for migration, which are correlated with theoretically obtained activation energies. In the future, the method may be used to guide experimental and theoretical research towards materials with potentially high ionic conductivity, reducing the time spent investigating nonpromising materials with advanced theoretical methods.     

Photoinitiators with Functional Groups 9: New Derivatives of Covalently Linked Benzophenone-amine Based Photoinitiators

As it had been shown that some covalently bound benzophenone (BP)—phenylglycine derivatives act as remarkable monomolecular Type II photoinitiators for radical polymerization, structural variations were investigated. The influence of the linking position between BP and the coinitiator and the coinitiator structure itself were considered. Furthermore, water soluble monomolecular BP-glycine based PIs were developed. While in UV-spectroscopy similar absorption behavior were found for all compounds, photo-DSC experiments revealed that derivative 2 has the most effective constitution.