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71.
基于最基本的缓冲算子x(k)d=(x(k)2)/(px(k)+(1-p)x(n))变形,获得了几类范围大大拓宽的适用缓冲算子的构造方法,讨论了缓冲算子的内在联系,研究了缓冲算子调节度与可变权重之间的关系,解决了传统缓冲算子作用强度过强或过弱的问题.最后通过实例验证了变权缓冲算子的有效性和优越性. 相似文献
72.
Victor Myagkov Oleg Bayukov Yurii Mikhlin Victor Zhigalov Liudmila Bykova Galina Bondarenko 《哲学杂志》2013,93(23):2595-2622
The effect of 0, 0.5, and 1?μm-thick Ag interlayers on the chemical interaction between Pd and Fe in epitaxial Pd(0?0?1)/Ag(0?0?1)/Fe(0?0?1)/MgO(0?0?1) and Fe(0?0?1)/Ag(0?0?1)/Pd(0?0?1)/MgO(0?0?1) trilayers has been studied using X-ray diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and magnetic structural measurements. No mixing of Pd and Fe occurs via the chemically inert Ag layer at annealing temperatures up to 400?°C. As the annealing temperature is increased above 400?°C, a solid-state synthesis of an ordered L10-FePd phase begins in the Pd(0?0?1)/Ag(0?0?1)/Fe(0?0?1) and Fe(0?0?1)/Ag(0?0?1)/Pd(0?0?1) film trilayers regardless of the thickness of the buffer Ag layer. In all samples, annealing above 500?°C leads to the formation of a disordered FexPd1?x(0?0?1) phase; however, in samples lacking the Ag layer, the synthesis of FexPd1?x is preceded by the formation of an ordered L12-FePd3 phase. An analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results shows that Pd is the dominant moving species in the reaction between Pd and Fe. According to the preliminary results, the 2.2?μm-thick Ag film does not prevent the synthesis of the L10-FePd phase and only slightly increases the phase’s initiation temperature. Data showing the ultra-fast transport of Pd atoms via thick inert Ag layers are interpreted as direct evidence of the long-range character of the chemical interaction between Pd and Fe. Thus, in the reaction state, Pd and Fe interact chemically even though the distance between them is about 104 times greater than an ordinary chemical bond length. 相似文献
73.
The mixed oxide (Gd1‐xYx)2O3 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) were synthesized, as powder and thin film, by a sol‐gel process. X‐ray diffraction data were collected and crystal structure and microstructure analysis were performed using Rietveld refinement method. All samples were found to have the same crystal system and formed solid solutions over the whole range of x. The cationic distribution, Gd3+ and Y3+, over the two non‐equivalent sites 8b and 24d of the space group Ia3 is found to be random for all values of (x). The lattice parameter is found to vary linearly with the composition (x). Replacing Gd3+ and Y3+ by each other introduces a systemic decrease in the x‐coordinate of cation position (24d) and slight changes in the oxygen coordinates. Crystallite size and microstrain analysis is performed along different crystallographic directions and anisotropic changes are found with the composition parameter (x). The average crystallite size ranges from 75 to 149 nm and the r.m.s strain from 0.027 to 0.068 x10‐2. Textured Gd1.841Y0.159O3 (400) buffer layers, with a high degree of alignment in both out‐plane and in‐plan, are successfully grown on cube textured Ni (001) tape substrates by sol–gel dip coating process. The resulting buffer layers are crack‐free, pinhole‐free, dense and smooth. YbBa2Cu3O7‐x (YbBCO) thin film could be (00l) epitaxially grown on the obtained buffer layer using sol–gel dipping technique. (© 2007 WILEY ‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
74.
A chemical oxygen–iodine laser (COIL) that operates without primary buffer gas has become a new way of facilitating the compact integration of laser systems. To clarify the properties of spatial gain distribution, three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used to study the mixing and reactive flow in a COIL nozzle with an interleaving jet configuration in the supersonic section. The results show that the molecular iodine fraction in the secondary flow has a notable effect on the spatial distribution of the small signal gain. The rich iodine condition produces some negative gain regions along the jet trajectory, while the lean iodine condition slows down the development of the gain in the streamwise direction. It is also found that the new configuration of an interleaving jet helps form a reasonable gain field under appropriate operation conditions. 相似文献
75.
Zhongwei Jiang Wenxin Wang Hanchao Gao Linshen Liu Hong Chen Junming Zhou 《Applied Surface Science》2008,254(16):5241-5246
Low-temperature step-graded high indium content InAlAs (In% = 0.75) metamorphic buffer layers with reverse step layer grown on GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated in this paper. The composition and the strain relaxation of the top InAlAs layer are determined by high-resolution triple-axis X-ray diffraction measurements, which show that the top InAlAs layer is nearly fully relaxed and the growth parameters for these samples have little influence on the strain relaxation ratio. Surface morphology is observed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction pattern and atomic force microscopy. The surface morphology is found to depend strongly on both the growth temperature and the As flux. Compared with other samples, the sample growth under the optimized conditions has the smallest value of root mean square surface roughness. Furthermore, the ω − 2θ and ω scans of the triple-axis X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy result also show the sample grown under the optimized conditions has good crystalline quality. 相似文献
76.
《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2018,53(7):598-613
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used for fast and sensitive detection of illegal substances in customs and airports, diagnosis of diseases through detection of metabolites in breath, fundamental studies in physics and chemistry, space exploration, and many more applications. Ion mobility spectrometry separates ions in the gas‐phase drifting under an electric field according to their size to charge ratio. Ion mobility spectrometry disadvantages are false positives that delay transportation, compromise patient's health and other negative issues when IMS is used for detection. To prevent false positives, IMS measures the ion mobilities in 2 different conditions, in pure buffer gas or when shift reagents (SRs) are introduced in this gas, providing 2 different characteristic properties of the ion and increasing the chances of right identification. Mobility shifts with the introduction of SRs in the buffer gas are due to clustering of analyte ions with SRs. Effective SRs are polar volatile compounds with free electron pairs with a tendency to form clusters with the analyte ion. Formation of clusters is favored by formation of stable analyte ion‐SR hydrogen bonds, high analytes' proton affinity, and low steric hindrance in the ion charge while stabilization of ion charge by resonance may disfavor it. Inductive effects and the number of adduction sites also affect cluster formation. The prediction of IMS separations of overlapping peaks is important because it simplifies a trial and error procedure. Doping experiments to simplify IMS spectra by changing the ion‐analyte reactions forming the so‐called alternative reactant ions are not considered in this review and techniques other than drift tube IMS are marginally covered. 相似文献
77.
Capillaries (25-and 50-μm inner diameter) coated with a double-alkyl-chain cationic surfactant N,N-didodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) were used for the separation of four basic standard proteins in buffers of pH 4 at various
ionic strengths. The choice of buffer is critical for the analytical performance. Ammonium ions must be avoided in the buffer
used in the non-covalent coating procedure owing to competition with the surfactant. Phosphate buffer gave a better separation
performance than some volatile buffers; the reason seems to be a complex formation between the proteins and dihydrogenphosphate
ions, which decreases tendencies for adsorption to the capillary surface. The DDAB coating was easy to produce and stable
enough to permit, without recoating, consecutive separations of the proteins for up to 100 min with good precision in migration
times and peak areas. A strong electroosmotic flow gives rapid separations, which is of special importance when commercial
instruments are used, since the choice of the length of the capillary is restricted.
Figure EOF stability in 25 micrometer i.d. capillaries. Consecutive injections of mesityloxide performed after an initial coating
with 1.0 相似文献
78.
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans were labeled with biotin to study their interaction with cells in culture. Thus, heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate were labeled using biotin-hydrazide, under different conditions. The structural characteristics of the biotinylated products were determined by chemical (molar ratios of hexosamine, uronic acid, sulfate and biotin) and enzymatic methods (susceptibility to degradation by chondroitinases and heparitinases). The binding of biotinylated glycosaminoglycans was investigated both in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in culture, using a novel time resolved fluorometric method based on interaction of europium-labeled streptavidin with the biotin covalently linked to the compounds. The interactions of glycosaminoglycans were saturable and number of binding sites could be obtained for each individual compound. The apparent dissociation constant varied among the different glycosaminoglycans and between the two cell lines. The interactions of the biotinylated glycosaminoglycans with the cells were also evaluated using confocal microscopy. We propose a convenient and reliable method for the preparation of biotinylated glycosaminoglycans, as well as a sensitive non-competitive fluorescence-based assay for studies of the interactions and binding of these compounds to cells in culture. 相似文献
79.
Prenesti E Fisicaro P Berto S Ferrara E Daniele PG 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2007,387(7):2595-2600
This paper reports evaluation of the behaviour of different combined glass electrodes applied to measurement of the pH of
a primary, 0.01 mol kg−1, tetraborate buffer. Measurements were first performed by use of a primary Harned cell (at 15, 25, and 37 °C); these results
were then compared with those obtained for the same solution by use of three combined glass electrodes (25 °C) with different
membranes and liquid-junction designs, calibrated by use of commercial pH-metric buffers. The pH of the same solution was
also measured in terms of the molal concentration of hydrogen ions, using acid–base titration to evaluate the formal potential
difference K of each cell at fixed ionic strength, I, adjusted by addition of KCl or Et4NI (tetraethylammonium iodide). The reference value from primary measurement, paH = 9.171, was slightly closer to the mean value obtained by determination of concentration, rather than that obtained by
direct measurement of activity; the differences were smaller than the extended uncertainty characteristics of the secondary
measurements. The importance of evaluation of the ionic strength of the solution under study is emphasised. We verified that
for tetraborate buffer slight modification of the value of I used to calculate γ
i
(the activity coefficient of a single ion) in the calculation of paH from the acidity function at zero molality of chloride can significantly affect the reference value of the calibrator tool.
This is true, in general, for low values of the ionic strength, such as those considered in this work; an approximate value
of I can then cause distortions along the pH traceability chain. Application of the concepts of thermodynamics to this traceability
chain is discussed. 相似文献
80.
Evsey Morozov 《Queueing Systems》2007,56(3-4):157-168
We consider a multiserver retrial GI/G/m queue with renewal input of primary customers, interarrival time τ with rate
, service time S, and exponential retrial times of customers blocked in the orbit. In the model, an arriving primary customer enters the system
and gets a service immediately if there is an empty server, otherwise (if all m servers are busy) he joins the orbit and attempts to enter the system after an exponentially distributed time. Exploiting
the regenerative structure of the (non-Markovian) stochastic process representing the total number of customers in the system
(in service and in orbit), we determine stability conditions of the system and some of its variations. More precisely, we
consider a discrete-time process embedded at the input instants and prove that if
and
, then the regeneration period is aperiodic with a finite mean. Consequently, this queue has a stationary distribution under
the same conditions as a standard multiserver queue GI/G/m with infinite buffer. To establish this result, we apply a renewal technique and a characterization of the limiting behavior
of the forward renewal time in the (renewal) process of regenerations. The key step in the proof is to show that the service
discipline is asymptotically work-conserving as the orbit size increases. Included are extensions of this stability analysis
to continuous-time processes, a retrial system with impatient customers, a system with a general retrial rate, and a system
with finite buffer for waiting primary customers. We also consider the regenerative structure of a multi-dimensional Markov
process describing the system.
This work is supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grants 04-07-90115 and 07-07-00088. 相似文献