高碘酸钠氧化法测定羟丙基瓜尔胶上仲羟基取代度

高碘酸钠氧化可以使邻羟基C-C键发生高选择性断裂, 同时产生两分子醛基. 在pH=4.3及25 ℃的条件下, 对瓜尔胶及其衍生物羟丙基瓜尔胶进行高碘酸钠氧化, 采用红外光谱与核磁共振谱对氧化产物结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 氧化后的瓜尔胶和及羟丙基瓜尔胶结构中醛基主要以半缩醛的形式存在. 通过测定高碘酸钠的消耗量得到不同摩尔取代度羟丙基瓜尔胶糖单元上邻羟基的含量, 结合概率分析方法, 确定摩尔取代度分别为0.04, 0.14, 0.36, 0.51, 0.78, 1.05和1.53的羟丙基瓜尔胶在仲羟基上取代度分别为0.02, 0.09, 0.18, 0.30, 0.46, 0.59和1.03, 与其它方法得到的结果一致.     

双重响应性生物基自修复凝胶的制备及其性能

为拓宽多重响应性凝胶在生物医学领域中的应用,本文基于生物大分子构筑具有pH响应、糖响应性的可自修复性水凝胶。 本文选用3-氨基苯硼酸(APBA)和2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHGTA)分别对聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)和瓜尔胶(GG)进行改性制备了聚谷氨酸-g-氨基苯硼酸(γ-PGA-g-APBA)和阳离子瓜尔胶,在此基础上,对γ-PGA-g-APBA和阳离子瓜尔胶进行物理共混制备生物基凝胶。 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱仪(¹H NMR)和流变仪对聚合物化学结构、接枝率、流变性能和力学性能进行表征,并考察了凝胶在不同pH值及糖浓度下刺激响应性。 结果表明,凝胶具有自修复性,修复效率可达100%;具有pH响应性,在环境pH值较高时更易形成凝胶,且凝胶强度随pH值升高而增大;同时所制凝胶具有糖响应性,在4 g/L的葡萄糖溶液中浸泡后即可导致凝胶解体。 这些结果说明功能基团APBA的引入可赋予凝胶多重响应性。 所制的双重响应性生物基凝胶具有良好的生物相容性,有望应用于生物医学、功能器件、传感等领域。     

Surface modification by deposition of IPA plasma and gellan gum/chitosan hybrid hydrogel onto thermoplastic polyurethane for controlled release of N‐acetylcysteine

A thin film system composed of gellan gum and chitosan was fabricated through a combination of polyelectrolyte blend and hybrid hydrogel gelation for controlled release of drug. In this study, precursor isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was used to plasma deposit on the surface of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to form a hydrophilic film. The features of the thin film were evaluated using water contact angle (WCA) measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR), UV/Vis spectroscopy, and studies of controlled release of drugs. The hybrid hydrogel, pH‐sensitive, was tested at pH values of 1.2 and 7.4 of buffer solution and at a temperature of 37°C to observe its swelling ratio and drug delivery properties with N‐acetylcysteine as a drug material for controlled release. Furthermore, at pH 7.4, the hybrid hydrogel has an outstanding release ratio of up to about 90% absorption amounts of N‐acetylcysteine after 8 hr. The mechanism of drug release from thin film devices (n = 0.684) is anomalous (non‐Fickian) transport, the value of n lies between 0.43 and 0.85.     

一些聚合物地中相微乳液物性的影响

研究了水解聚安、黄原胶和木质素磺酸盐对中相微乳液相体积、粘度和界面张力的影响，实验结果表明：含有聚丙烯酰胺时，中相微乳液的相态、增溶参数、中相与下相间界面张力及中相粘度均无明显变化。生物聚合物对中相微乳液的物理影响也不大，木质素磺酸盐册对微乳液的形成产生明显影响；随着木质素磺酸盐浓度的增大，微乳液由中相转变为相，相应的物理参数亦有变化 。     

Hydrophobic guar gum derivatives prepared by controlled grafting processes–Part II: rheological and degradation properties toward fracturing fluids applications

Introduction of polyalkoxyalkyleneamide grafts to guar gum produces new water soluble guar derivatives as described in an earlier publication. 10 In this paper, the rhelogical behavior of these products was explored in more detail at 25 and 65°C. In addition, the viscosity was measured at high temperatures (90 and 120°C) and pressure (150 psi) to partially simulate the down hole conditions of oil wells. Upon treatment with zirconium lactate, the cross‐linked hydrophobically‐modified CMG derivatives exhibited better high‐temperature stability and higher gel viscosities than the corresponding CMHPG derivatives. The cross‐linked gel viscosities indicate that gels will be capable of supporting a high proppant carrying capacity. To facilitate removal of the gels from the formation, the hydrophobically modified derivatives were treated with an enzyme breaker system which produced fragments capable of producing stable emulsions when extracted with toluene. Thus, the clean up process will be enhanced by emulsification of the gel fragments produced by the gel hydrolysis. The low viscosities of the linear derivatives, the rapid formation of high viscosity gels upon cross‐linking and generation of emulsifiers during the gel removal suggest that these new derivatives are good candidates for fracturing fluid applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aggregation and disaggregation of Aeromonas gum in an aqueous solution under different conditions

The aggregation and disaggregation of Aeromonas (A) gum, an acidic heteropolysaccharide, were investigated by viscometry, a fluorescent probe, and gel permeation chromatography combined with laser light scattering techniques in aqueous solutions containing desired NaCl at different temperatures. The A gum had a strong tendency of aggregation and high viscosity in the aqueous solutions. The weight‐average molecular weight, z‐average radius of gyration, weight‐average molar number (w_ag), and apparent aggregation number (N_ap) of the aggregates were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that there were three regions that corresponded to three kinds of aggregates and two transition temperatures at about 35 and 75 °C in the disaggregation course. When the temperature was higher than 75 °C, the w_ag hardly changed, and there was still a certain amount of aggregates even at 100 °C, indicating that the aggregates were difficult to disrupt completely. Moreover, the aggregation was thermally irreversible. Decreasing polysaccharide concentration reduced the content of the aggregate. However, N_ap remained constant around 20, independent of the polysaccharide concentration in a 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution at 25 °C. At a salt concentration greater than or equal to 0.05 M, the aggregation was almost independent of the salt concentration used here. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2644–2651, 2000     

Rheological behaviour of spray-dried egg yolk/xanthan gum aqueous dispersions

This paper provides information on the microstructure of, and reports particle size distributions and rheological results for, aqueous dispersions of spray-dried egg yolk and xanthan gum prepared on a laboratory scale using two types of homogenisers. Laser light scattering results demonstrated that higher energy input during homogenisation yielded a dispersion with a lower average particle size and a wider polydispersity, slightly influencing the linear dynamic viscoelastic functions due to the low concentration of egg yolk particles. These dispersions exhibited weak gel properties at the composition studied. The mechanical spectrum and the corresponding relaxation spectrum were dominated by the xanthan/gum-water matrix which controls the structure of the continuous phase. This fact explained the lack of any wall depletion effects. Several controlled-rate and controlled-stress rotational rheometers and a capillary rheometer were used to obtain information on flow properties. The shear rate dependence of steady state viscosity was determined through twelve decades, and was fitted using the Carreau equation. The kinetics of structural recovery after steady-state shear was studied by start-up at the inception of shear and flow interrupted experiments under controlled shear history. The results were analysed in terms of the ratio of a time-dependent amount of overshoot to the amount of overshoot of the original sample, using the addition of two first order equations. Additionally, combined steady state flow properties at fixed shear stress/oscillatory shear experiments were also used. The increase of the storage modulus with time, checking a linear viscoelastic response, tracked the structural recovery after steady shear. Laser light scattering of sheared samples helped gain a better understanding of the role of egg yolk particles on the rheology of these dispersions. Received: 6 February 2000 Accepted: 5 September 2000     

Phase Behavior and Formulation of Palm Oil Esters o/w Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Hydrocolloid Gums for Cosmeceuticals Application

Palm oil esters (POEs) are wax esters derived from palm oil and cis-9-octadecen-1-ol. The excellent wetting behaviour of the esters without the oily feel make them have great potentials in the manufacture of cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical products. However, little is known about their phase behaviors in ternary systems. The purpose of this investigation was to construct phase diagram of the POEs and mixed surfactants and to consequently select nanoemulsions composition for further studies. The preparation and characterization of oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by hydrocolloid gums were then studied. Two types of nonionic surfactants were selected, namely Tween 80 (T80) and Span 80 (S80). Ternary phase diagram of POEs:Tocotrienol/T80:S80 (80:20)/water system was constructed at 25.0 ± 0.5°C. The emulsification properties of 2 hydrocolloids gum (xanthan gum, carbopol ultrez 20 copolymer) were investigated. Gum dispersions were prepared in water (0.8%) and emulsified with 30% oil using a Polytron homogenizer. The flow curve of the emulsions always exhibited shear thinning behavior and obeys the power law viscosity. The emulsions with carbopol ultrez 20 copolymer was the most stable emulsions which composed of very small oil droplets (50% < 142.43 nm) with a narrow size distribution.     

Gum Tragacanth (GT): A Versatile Biocompatible Material beyond Borders

The use of naturally occurring materials in biomedicine has been increasingly attracting the researchers’ interest and, in this regard, gum tragacanth (GT) is recently showing great promise as a therapeutic substance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a polysaccharide, GT can be easily extracted from the stems and branches of various species of Astragalus. This anionic polymer is known to be a biodegradable, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic material. The stability against microbial, heat and acid degradation has made GT an attractive material not only in industrial settings (e.g., food packaging) but also in biomedical approaches (e.g., drug delivery). Over time, GT has been shown to be a useful reagent in the formation and stabilization of metal nanoparticles in the context of green chemistry. With the advent of tissue engineering, GT has also been utilized for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds applied for both hard and soft tissue healing strategies. However, more research is needed for defining GT applicability in the future of biomedical engineering. On this object, the present review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of GT in biomedicine and tries to open new horizons in the field based on its inherent characteristics.     

Effect of Xanthan Gum on the Performance of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam

Solution properties of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations containing different xanthan gum contents were investigated first by varying the mass fraction of xanthan gum in the range of 0.1–0.5%. Foam properties and fire-extinguishing performance of the AFFF formulations were then evaluated. Results indicated that xanthan gum content slightly affected surface tension of foam solutions. However, xanthan gum significantly affected viscosity of AFFF concentrates. Foaming of the AFFF formulations was hardly affected by xanthan gum, but foam stability of the compounds was obviously enhanced with the addition of xanthan gum. Optimal xanthan gum content was determined as 0.3%, which resulted in the shortest 90% control time and fire extinguishment time. Burnback time of foams increased with the addition of xanthan gum because of the enhanced foam stability.