Characterization of Unique and Differentially Expressed Proteins in Anthracnose-Tolerant Florida Hybrid Bunch Grapes

Anthracnose is a major disease in Florida hybrid bunch grapes, caused by a fungus viz. Elsinoe ampelina. Florida hybrid bunch grapes are grown in southeastern USA for their superior wine characteristics. However, the effect of anthracnose on grape productivity and wine quality is a major concern to grape growers. Our research is aimed at determining biochemical basis of anthracnose tolerance in Florida hybrid bunch grape. Leaf samples were collected from the plants infected with E. ampelina at different periods and analyzed for differential protein expression using high throughput two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Among the 32 differentially expressed leaf proteins, two were uniquely expressed in tolerant genotypes in response to E. ampelina infection. These proteins were identified as mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase and glutamine synthetase, which are known to play a major role in carbohydrate metabolism and defense. Several proteins including ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate-carboxylase involved in photosynthesis were found to be suppressed in susceptible genotypes compared to tolerant genotypes following E. ampelina infection. The results indicate that the anthracnose-tolerant genotypes have the ability to up-regulate and induce new proteins upon infection to defend the invasion of the pathogen as well as maintain the normal regulatory processes.     

Minerals and Organic Nitrogen Present in Grape Marc Hydrolyzates Enhance Xylose Consumption by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus pentosus</Emphasis>

This work deals with the nutritional evaluation of grape marc hydrolyzates as fermentation medium for Lactobacillus pentosus. Usually, the fermentation of xylose and arabinose in the presence of glucose remains a primary obstacle for economical biomass conversion. The few microorganisms that can grow simultaneously on both pentose and hexose sugars contained in lignocellulosic feedstocks typically grow slowly and demonstrate marginal yields and productivities. Moreover, lignocellulosic hydrolyzates contain phenolic compounds and other components originated by the degradation of sugars that can inhibit lactic acid fermentation. However, in this case, grape marc hydrolyzates not only did not need a detoxification stage, but it also improved the xylose consumption by Lactobacillus pentosus with a faster and more efficient conversion of hemicellulosic sugars compared with synthetic media. After analysis of grape marc hydrolyzates, it was observed that minerals such as K (2,707 mg/L), Ca (3,681 mg/L), and Mg (198.5 mg/L) are present in higher concentration than those found in the general medium of Lactobacillus (1,705 mg/L of K, 58.3 mg/L of Ca, and 27.0 mg/L of Mg). Moreover, grape marc hydrolyzates contain an additional source of nitrogen (9.2 g/L) which, together with their elevated mineral concentration, improved lactic acid fermentation compared with synthetic media.     

掌裂草葡萄根皮杀虫成分的初步研究

采用不同溶剂,对掌裂草葡萄[Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bge.var.palmiloba(Carr.)Rehd.]根皮中的杀虫成分进行了提取研究,并初步推断出5类杀虫活性成分:(1)2-[[2-[(2-乙基环丙基)-甲基]环丙基]甲基]环丙烷辛酸,环戊烷甲酸十五烷酯;(2)α-d-吡喃葡萄糖苯磺酸酯,蔗糖;(3)天然麝香,麝香黄葵;(4)9,9-二甲氧基二环[3.3.1]壬-2,4-二酮,3-十二烷基-2,5-呋喃二酮;(5)11,13-二甲基-12-十四烯-1-醇乙酸酯,9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定芹菜籽中的硒

本法采用湿法消解,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定芹菜籽中硒。研究了原子荧光光谱仪的参数和最佳试验条件,方法的线性方程为I=124.350C-21.041,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限为0.1007μg/L。结果表明,芹菜籽中硒的回收率在94.3%—111.1%之间。     

Characterization of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation products of polyphenols from modern and archaeological vine derivatives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

If some ceramics, such as vinary amphorae attest the consumption and trade of wine in the Roman world, the first wine productions in Occident often stay undocumented. Chemical analysis of organic materials preserved in archaeological vessels is the only way to bring new lights about the elaboration and the consumption of this fermented beverage. To determine the preservation state of wine and other grape derivatives residues, we proceeded to in situ tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) treatment followed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation—gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (THM-GC-MS). The objectives of the study were (i) the understanding of the pyrolytic mechanisms of proanthocyanidins and (ii) the assessment of the usefulness of thermochemolysis for the identification of phenolic markers from polymeric solid deposit in modern wine bottle and Roman amphorae. THM-GC-MS was revealed to be an efficient method for the characterization of fruit derivatives even if mixed with another organic material, such as pitch used to ensure the watertightness of the ceramic container. The preservation of tannins during millennia in archaeological context is here enlightened for the first time by using analytical pyrolysis. The proposed identification of vinary residues is now based on the detection of the association of more than 30 pyrolytic markers derived from di- and trimethoxylated benzenoid compounds. THM-GC-MS represents a new method for the rapid detection of wine traces in ancient ceramics, adapted to tiny samples (<0.1 mg), allowing to precise the role and function of pottery during antiquity.     

Organic acid, tocopherol, and phenolic compositions of some Turkish grape cultivars

The organic acid, tocopherol, and phenolic compositions of three different grape cultivars, Emir, Kalecik karasi, and Narince were studied in order to evaluate their nutritive values and the contents of natural antioxidants. Organic acids, tocopherols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and trans-resveratrol contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, pH, soluble solid, titratable acidity, and total phenolic contents were also determined. It was determined that the contents of organic acids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds were changed according to the cultivars. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 128–130, March–April, 2006.     

Extraction of flavan-3-ols from grape seed and skin into wine using simulated maceration

Simulated maceration assays were carried out in wine model systems using increasing ethanol percentages from 0 to 12.5%, in order to study the extraction of flavan-3-ol monomers and oligomers from grape skins and seeds. The amount of flavan-3-ols transferred to the solutions improves with the increase in the alcohol percentage, although flavanols were much more readily released from grape skins than from seeds. Maximum release of flavanols from the skins is reached after 24 h of maceration in 12.5% ethanol, whereas long maceration and higher ethanol percentages were required for extraction from the seeds, from which maximum flavanol extraction was observed after 2-3 weeks of maceration. Thus, the length of the maceration not only had an influence in the total levels of flavanols reached in the wines, but also in their qualitative composition. The contribution of the seeds to the flavanol composition of the model wines was found to range from about 40% at 24 h of maceration in 12.5% ethanol to as high as 90% after 3 weeks. Gallocatechin was the major flavanol contributed by the skins and catechin by the seeds of the grape variety used (Vitis vinifera cv. Viura). Flavanol extraction was also followed during winemaking of commercial red wines, reaching similar conclusions to that obtained from the model assays.     

不同硬实率紫花苜蓿种子的近红外光谱分析

紫花苜蓿是我国北方重要的栽培牧草,由于其种子硬实率高达20%~80%,在播种时无法快速辨别硬实种子而影响其种用价值,对实际生产造成了直接影响。为研究出快速无损分选苜蓿硬实种子和非硬实种子的方法,选取不同产地、不同收获年份、不同品种的紫花苜蓿种子样品121份,同时经人工配比获得不同硬实比率的紫花苜蓿种子样品共31份,利用近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘法,对其硬实率进行了分析,建立紫花苜蓿种子硬实率的近红外光谱分析模型,为紫花苜蓿硬实种子的快速检测和识别技术进行探索性研究。结果表明,最终获得的光谱模型建模相关系数(R2cal)为0.981 6,交叉检验标准误差(RMSECV)为5.32,相对标准误差(RPD)为3.58,模型的预测能力相对较好,能够应用于紫花苜蓿种子硬实率的估测,为种子硬实率的无损检测提供了一种新方法。模型的建立为研究出快速无损确定种子硬实特性方法提供技术指导,促进种子硬实特性的深入研究。     

Three new sulphur glycosides from the seeds of Descurainia sophia

Three new sulphur glycosides, raphanuside B–D (1–3), together with a known sulphur glycoside, raphanuside (4) were isolated from the decoction of the seeds of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, and the compound 4 was reported for the first time from this plant. Their structures were identified by means of UV, IR, 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and HR–ESI–MS spectroscopic data.     

Identification of S-methylmethionine in Petit Manseng grapes as dimethyl sulphide precursor in wine

A procedure for the extraction of free amino acids was applied to isolate S-methylmethionine (SMM) from late harvest Petit Manseng grapes. Grapes were destemmed and crushed, and the obtained clarified must was percolated through cation-exchange resins (Dowex 50 WX4-100). The retained compounds were eluted with ammonia solution and the extract was finally concentrated. Taking into account the potential DMS (PDMS using heat-alkaline treatment assay) of the initial grape juice used (51.5 nmol mL⁻¹) and the concentration factor of the extract (17.9-fold), the PDMS of the final extract (678 nmol mL⁻¹) gave an overall recovery of 73.5% for juice SMM. This compound was identified and quantified (484.5 nmol mL⁻¹ relatively to [²H₃]-SMM used as internal standard) by its selective detection in this extract without derivatization by MALDI-TOF-MS using instrumentation and procedures previously reported to analyze SMM in complex natural extracts. SMM and 22 other amino acids in the initial must and in the final SMM extract were also determined using a Biochrom 30 amino acid analyser with post-column ninhydrin derivatization. SMM peak identification and quantification (401.2 nmol mL⁻¹ relatively to norleucine used as internal standard) were carried out by comparison with commercial SMM.