On different implementations of spatial evolutionary games

Evolutionary spatial 2×2 games between unconditional agents are analysed introducing several variants of cellular automata (CA).     

Berry phase and shot noise for spin-polarized and entangled electrons

Shot noise for entangled and spin-polarized states in a four-probe geometric setup has been studied by adding two rotating magnetic fields in an incoming channel. Our results show that the noise power oscillates as the magnetic fields vary. The singlet, entangled triplet and polarized states can be distinguished by adjusting the magnetic fields. The Berry phase can be derived by measuring the shot noise power.     

Scattering of a relativistic scalar particle by a cusp potential

We solve the Klein–Gordon equation in the presence of a spatially one-dimensional cusp potential. The scattering solutions are obtained in terms of Whittaker functions and the condition for the existence of transmission resonances is derived. We show the dependence of the zero-reflection condition on the shape of the potential. In the low-momentum limit, transmission resonances are associated with half-bound states. We express the condition for transmission resonances in terms of the phase shifts.     

Study for noise reduction in synchrotron radiation based scanning tunneling microscopy by developing insulator-coat tip

To solve difficulties of instability and inaccuracy in synchrotron radiation based scanning tunneling microscopy, a method to reduce noise was investigated. New insulator-coat tips were developed to shut out electrons coming from a wide area that damage the spatial resolution. By changing the exposed conductive area at the end of the insulator-coat tips, the effect of noise reduction was estimated. The tip with an exposure area of 50 nm in diameter was found to reduce noise effectively. Also a key discriminating condition was found to obtain the local signal, which is based on the modulation of the X-ray-induced tip current caused by excitation of the specific element.     

ZnSe sintered films: Growth and characterization

The II-VI compound semiconductor, ZnSe having wide band gap between 2.58 and 2.82 eV is a promising material for use in photovoltaic devices, blue light emitting diodes and laser diodes. Several methods have been used to prepare ZnSe thin films. We have deposited ZnSe films on ultra-clean glass substrate by sintering technique. The optical, structural and electrical properties of ZnSe thin films have been examined. The optical band gap of these films is studied using reflection spectra in wavelength range 325-600 nm and structure of these films is studied using XRD. The DC conductivity of the films was measured in vacuum by two-probe technique.Sintering is a very simple and viable method compared to other intensive methods. The results of the present investigation will be useful in characterizing the material ZnSe for its applications in photovoltaics.     

Growth of Fe on Ge(1 1 1) at room temperature studied by X-ray photoelectron diffraction

The growth of ultrathin Fe films of various coverages on Ge(1 1 1) at room temperature using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was studied via X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD or XPED) together with low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All experimentally observed XPD patterns suggested local order structures of the Fe layers for all thicknesses studied. The short-range order of the resulting structures was found to be enhanced for thinner layers whereas the long-range order was gradually lost with increasing Fe thicknesses. At a very low coverage of 0.8 Å Fe and Ge tend to react to the partly ordered structure in which Fe atoms were located in local environments similar to those for higher Fe coverages. Comparison of theoretical and experimental XPD patterns, along with XPS results, showed that intermixing between Fe and Ge occurred during the pseudomorphic growth with a stacking fault near the interface for all Fe coverages under study. Nevertheless, small percentage of domains without the stacking fault was also found to coexist with those with the stacking fault by performing a quantitative analysis of a reliability factor R of the Fe2p pattern for 5.4 Å. The orientation changes of the Ge2p and Ge3d XPD patterns with Fe thickness were unambiguously explained in terms of their different dependencies on the overlayer thickness due to the different inelastic mean free path lengths used in the simulations. Also, Fe got increasingly enriched in the grown layers with increased Fe coverage. The resulting structures and intermixing are discussed in detail.     

采用AI／TaN叠层电极提高Si基GePIN光电探测器的性能

金属与Ge材料接触由于存在强烈的费米钉扎效应,导致金属电极与n型Ge接触引入较大的接触电阻,限制了si基Ge探测器响应带宽．本文报道了在SOI衬底上外延Ge单晶薄膜并制备了不同台面尺度的GePIN光电探测器．对比了电极分别为金属Al和A1／TaN叠层的具有相同器件结构的SOI基GePIN光电探测器的暗电流、响应度以及响应带宽等参数．发现在Al与Ge之间增加一薄层TaN可有效减小n型Ge的接触电阻,将台面直径为24um的探测器在1．55um的波长和-1V偏压下的3dB响应带宽提高了4倍．同时,器件暗电流减小一个数量级,而响应度提高了2倍．结果表明,采用TaN薄层制作金属与Ge接触电极,可有效钝化金属与Ge界面,减轻费米钉扎效应,降低金属与n-Ge接触的势垒高度,因而减小接触电阻和界面复合电流,提高探测器的光电性能．     

19.6nm波长类氖锗X光激光光源理论模拟

 波长19.6nm的类氖锗X光激光适合作为诊断激光等离子体界面不稳定性的光源。用经过实验检验的系列程序对预-主短脉冲驱动类氖锗进行了系统的优化设计和理论分析。采用2%~3%的预脉冲强度，6~8ns的预-主脉冲时间间隔，在4×10¹³W/cm²功率密度驱动下, 波长19.6nm增益区的宽度可以超过60μm，增益区的维持时间可以达到90ps。对于16mm长的平板靶，增益系数可达11.8/cm；弯曲靶增益系数可达13.3/cm；单靶小增益长度积可达21.3，单靶就可以获得饱和增益。采用双靶对接，其小讯号增益可达38.4，可以获得深度饱和增益，能满足应用演示所需的X光激光光源。     

Divergence-free WKB theory

We present a divergence-free WKB theory, which is a new semiclassical theory modified by nonperturbative quantum corrections. Conventionally, the WKB theory is constructed upon a trajectory that obeys the bare classical dynamics expressed by a quadratic equation in momentum space. Contrary to this, the divergence-free WKB theory is based on a higher-order algebraic equation in momentum space, which represents a dressed classical dynamics. More precisely, this higher-order algebraic equation is obtained by including quantum corrections to the quadratic equation, which is the bare classical limit. An additional solution of the higher-order algebraic equation enables us to construct a uniformly converging perturbative expansion of the wavefunction. Namely, our theory removes the notorious divergence of wavefunction at a turning point from the WKB theory. Moreover, our theory is able to produce wavefunctions and eigenenergies more accurate than those given by the traditional WKB method. In addition, the divergence-free WKB theory that is based on the cubic equation allows us to construct a uniformly valid wavefunction for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). A recent short letter [T. Hyouguchi, S. Adachi, M. Ueda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 170404] is the opening of the divergence-free WKB theory. This paper presents full formalism of this theory and its several applications concerning wavefunction and eigenenergy to show that our theory is a natural extension of the traditional WKB theory that incorporates nonperturbative quantum corrections.     

单原子Ge助剂修饰Cu(111)晶面上CO2加氢制甲醇的机理研究

针对CO₂热催化转化制甲醇过程中CO₂吸附、活化较困难及副产物较多的问题,提出采用单原子Ge助剂修饰Cu(111)晶面的解决思路,通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了CO₂在Ge-Cu(111)晶面上加氢合成甲醇的反应机理。结果表明,单原子Ge助剂的电子调控增加了与其相邻的 Cu 原子的电子云密度,使 CO₂分子在含 Ge 活性界面上的吸附能力显著增强:CO₂在 Ge-Cu(111)晶面上的吸附能约为Cu(111)晶面的1.5倍,约为Pd改性Cu(111)晶面的2.4倍,进而使逆水煤气变换(RWGS)反应路径速控步骤的活化能降低了近 20 kJ·mol^-1,同时衍生出 3条生成甲醇的 RWGS新路径;此外,Ge-Cu(111)晶面上甲酸盐路径由于速控步骤活化能大幅上升而被禁阻,进而CO及烃类等副产物选择性大幅降低,Ge-Cu(111)晶面上CO₂加氢制甲醇选择性升高。