GIAO Calculations of Chemical Shifts in Heterocyclic Compounds

In this review, the GIAO calculations of absolute shieldings and their relationship with experimental chemical shifts for aromatic heterocycles will be summarized. Automatic assignment, conformational analysis, E/Z isomerism, and, in particular, tautomerism, will be discussed in detail. Solid-state and solvent effects will be examined, as well as the problem of heteroaromaticity. The review ends with the discussion of some methodological problems with special emphasis on the calculation of references, such as TMS and nitromethane.     

Structure, Stability, Electronic Properties and NMR-Shielding of the Cucurbit[6]uril–Spermine-Complex

Geometries, stabilities, electronic properties and NMR-shielding of cucurbit[6]uril–spermine host-ligand complexes are investigated with DFT calculations and compared to experimental results. Cucurbit[6]uril and spermine can form complexes with two different minimum energy geometries and corresponding characteristic differences in NMR shielding. The energetically preferred complex geometry has a perfect inversion symmetry and its proton NMR shielding agrees very well with experimental results. The cucurbit[6]uril host molecule shows a distinct geometrical flexibility in ligand binding which allows an induced fit of the spermine ligand. The energetic barrier for the rotation of spermine in the favourable complex is approximated to be in the order of a few kilocalories per mole.     

Synthesis, structure, and isomerism of N-2,4-dinitrophenylbenzotriazoles

Both isomers of N-(2′,4′-dinitrophenyl)benzotriazole, the 1(3)- and the 2-substituted, have been characterized and their reciprocal isomerism was studied. Cross-experiments in the presence of 5(6)-nitro-1H-benzotriazole proved that the isomerization of 2-(2′,4′-dinitrophenyl)-2H-benzotriazole into the 1-isomer occurs by an intermolecular mechanism. The reported reaction of 5(6)-nitro-1H-benzotriazole with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene has been reexamined discovering that there is an error in the proportions of N-substituted isomers. A possible explanation for the observed isomerizations was proposed. Identification of all compounds by multinuclear magnetic resonance, including solid-state studies, has been achieved.     

包括d轨道的NMR化学位移的INDO/GIAO微扰理论

本文推广了计算~(18)C化学位移的INDO/GIAO方法,以进行~(15)N、~(17)O以及过渡元素配合物的~(18)C化学位移计算。通过N,O及Fe的INDO参数的优化选择,计算的~(15)N、~(17)O以及配合物(C_5H_5)Fe(CO)_2CN,(C_5H_4)_2Fe(COH)_2及(C_5H_4)_2Fe(CH_2OH)_2的~(18)C化学位移符合实验结果,同时发现计算的原子净电荷ρ(M)和σ~d(M)之间存在良好的线性关系。     

DFT/NMR integrated approach: a valid support to the total synthesis of chiral molecules

The analysis of the configuration of kedarcidin chromophore and palau'amine through quantum chemical calculation of Js and chemical shifts suggests a fast and convenient quantum chemical approach that can be applied prior to proceeding to the total synthesis of complex natural compounds in order to avoid loss of time and resources employed in the total synthesis of wrong diastereoisomers.     

A computational study of the effect of C-lithiation on the NMR properties (chemical shifts and coupling constants) of aziridines

A DFT (B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) study of a series of N-H, N-methyl and N-propyl aziridines and their C-lithium derivatives has been carried out in order to explore their configurational as well as their NMR properties (¹H and ¹³C). The results agree fairly well with experimental observations [Org Lett 9:1263, 2007 and J Org Chem 73, 2008 (73:3197)] and reveal the existence of lithium-N(lone pair) and lithium C(aromatic) interactions. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Quantum chemistry investigation of electronic structure and NMR spectral characteristics for fluorides of dialkylamidosulfoxylic acids and related compounds

The parent (H₂N? S? F) and N,N‐dialkyl‐substituted fluorides of amidosulfoxylic acid (R₂N? S? F, R?Me or R₂N?Morph) as well as the related compounds X? S? F (X?CH₃, OH, F, SiH₃, PH₂, SH, Cl) have been investigated with quantum chemical calculations at the ab initio (MP2) level of approximation. The geometries, electronic structures, molecular orbital (MO) energies and NMR chemical shift values have been calculated to evaluate the role and extent of the polarization and delocalization effects in forming of the high‐field fluorine NMR resonances within the series of interest. The δF magnitudes for all investigated fluorides of amidosulfoxylic acid as well as the δN value calculated for Me₂N? S? F are in the good agreement with the ¹⁹F and ¹⁴N NMR chemical shift values measured experimentally. For the parent compounds, H₂N? S? F and H₂N? SO₂? F, the orientation of principal axes of the magnetic shielding tensors and the corresponding principal σ_ii values along these axes have been qualitatively interpreted basing on the analysis of the MO interactions in the presence of the rotating magnetic field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paramagnetic ring current effects in anti-aromatic structures subject to substitution/annelation quantified by spatial magnetic properties (TSNMRS)

The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS), of the typically anti-aromatic cyclopentadienyl cation, cyclobutadiene, pentalene, s-indacene and of substituted/annelated analogues of the latter structures have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The TSNMRS values were employed to visualize and quantify the dia(para)magnetic ring current effects in the studied compounds. The interplay of dia(para)magnetic ring current effects due to substitution/annelation caused by heavy exo-cyclic n,π-electron delocalization can be qualified.     

Conformational analysis of cis‐3, 5‐dioxa‐bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane and its 4‐substituted derivatives by DNMR,molecular modeling,and GIAO/DFT methods

Temperature‐dependent ¹H and ¹³C‐NMR spectra of the title compounds are presented. Coalescence effects are discussed and assigned to dynamic process—the interconversion of bicyclic system. The free energies of activation covered the range 39–52 kJ/mol. The dioxepane ring adopts twist‐chair (TC) conformation. GIAO/DFT calculation of isotropic shieldings for the set of low‐energy conformations showed that only one conformer is present at 298 K in solution that matched well with experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MP2 calculation of 77Se NMR chemical shifts taking into account relativistic corrections

The main factors affecting the accuracy and computational cost of the Second‐order Möller‐Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) calculation of ⁷⁷Se NMR chemical shifts (methods and basis sets, relativistic corrections, and solvent effects) are addressed with a special emphasis on relativistic effects. For the latter, paramagnetic contribution (390–466 ppm) dominates over diamagnetic term (192–198 ppm) resulting in a total shielding relativistic correction of about 230–260 ppm (some 15% of the total values of selenium absolute shielding constants). Diamagnetic term is practically constant, while paramagnetic contribution spans over 70–80 ppm. In the ⁷⁷Se NMR chemical shifts scale, relativistic corrections are about 20–30 ppm (some 5% of the total values of selenium chemical shifts). Solvent effects evaluated within the polarizable continuum solvation model are of the same order of magnitude as relativistic corrections (about 5%). For the practical calculations of ⁷⁷Se NMR chemical shifts of the medium‐sized organoselenium compounds, the most efficient computational protocols employing relativistic Dyall's basis sets and taking into account relativistic and solvent corrections are suggested. The best result is characterized by a mean absolute error of 17 ppm for the span of ⁷⁷Se NMR chemical shifts reaching 2500 ppm resulting in a mean absolute percentage error of 0.7%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.